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Herb Kawainui Kāne

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Herb Kawainui Kāne
Born(1928-06-21)June 21, 1928
Marshfield, Minnesota, US
DiedMarch 8, 2011(2011-03-08) (aged 82)
South Kona, Hawaiʻi[1]
Alma materSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago (B.A.), (M.A.)
OccupationArtist/Historian/Author/Architect
Known forHawaiian historical and cultural paintings and writings,
Polynesian Voyaging Society (co-founder),
Hōkūleʻa (designer)
TelevisionThe Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey (advisor)
Board member ofNative Hawaiian Culture & Arts Program, Bishop Museum (founding trustee)
AwardsCharles Reed Bishop Medal,
Living Treasures of Hawai'i
More listed below.

Herbert Kawainui Kāne (June 21, 1928 – March 8, 2011) was a Hawaiian historian and artist. He is considered one of the principal figures in the renaissance of Hawaiian culture in the 1970s. His work focused on the seafaring traditions of the ancestral peoples of Hawaiʻi.

Kāne played a key role in demonstrating that Hawaiian culture arose not by accidental seeding of Polynesia, but that Hawaiʻi was reachable by voyaging canoes from Tahiti that were able to make the journey and return. This offered a far more complex notion of the cultures of the Pacific Islands than had previously been accepted.[2] Furthermore, he created vivid imagery of Hawaiian culture prior to contact with Europeans, and especially the period of early European influence, that sparked appreciation of a nearly forgotten traditional life. He painted dramatic views of war, exemplified by The Battle at Nuʻuanu Pali, the potential of conflicts between cultures such as in Cook Entering Kealakekua Bay, where British ships were dwarfed and surrounded by Hawaiian canoes, as well as bucolic quotidian scenes and lush images of a robust ceremonial and spiritual life, that helped arouse a latent pride among Hawaiians during a time of general cultural awakening.[1]

Early life and education as an artist

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Kāne (kɑh-nay) was born in the community of Marshfield, Minnesota in the United States.[3] His father (also named Herbert) worked in the family poi business, and became a paniolo (Hawaiian cowboy), then traveled the US in a Hawaiian band. He later served in the Army and Navy, and had his own practice as a Doctor of Optometry. Herbert Jr.'s grandfather immigrated to Waipio Valley from China and being very industrious, he built the first poi factory in the islands, growing taro and producing poi for market. His mother's family were farmers of Danish ancestry in Wisconsin.[4] Kāne's childhood was divided between Wisconsin and Hawaiʻi.[3][4] He describes in his book, Voyagers, an early awakening to art. In 1935 he was a barefoot child in Hilo, Hawaii, brought by his mother to the opening of a gallery exhibition of the work of D. Howard Hitchcock. He writes that he was "stunned, confronted with miracles" seeing Hitchcock's work and speaking with him briefly.[5]: 11  Hitchcock was the first Hawaiian-born artist to achieve international recognition, and his work focused on unique Hawaiian subject matter, particularly the volcanic eruptions near Hilo.[6] According to his own account, besides this exposure to art and the ongoing encouragement of his parents to pursue his interest in drawing, Kāne's most formative experiences in childhood were in Hawaiʻi, where his father and his family passed along the traditional folk tales of the islands.[5]: 12 

Kāne served in the United States Navy, qualifying for veteran's educational benefits under the G.I. Bill. After he was discharged, he used those benefits to attend the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois, earning a bachelor's degree and, in 1953, a master's degree.[1][4][7] Under an arrangement between the two schools at the time, his master's degree was awarded by the University of Chicago.[4]

Early career

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Herb at work in his Chicago studio

Herb had his own advertising studio on Chicago's Michigan Avenue, which is known as "The Magnificent Mile." He was a very successful designer/illustrator/author. His talents were expansive, working with everything from books and magazines, architectural designs, to commercial television work for Kellogg's and various companies, and more. Kāne said he found advertising work unsatisfying. "The end came when I won a Jolly Green Giant campaign, and for a year, did drawings and paintings of that big green fairy until I could no longer suffer it."[5]: 17 

Kāne had been sailing a racing catamaran on Lake Michigan, and had begun researching Hawaiian canoes in the library of the University of Chicago and in the Field Museum of Natural History,[3] where in 1961 the museum had installed one of the most extensive collections of artifacts from Pacific Ocean cultures put on view to date.[8] Kāne produced a series of fourteen paintings of Polynesian canoes in the 1960s, which were purchased in 1969 by the Hawaiʻ I State Foundation of Culture and the Arts, then headed by its first director, Alfred Preis, architect of the USS Arizona Memorial in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiʻi.[3] Kāne has stated that this purchase made it possible for him to move to Hawaiʻ I, where he lived in Honolulu and continued his study of Polynesian voyaging canoes.[9]

The Hōkūleʻa and its cultural impact

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Kane working on Hōkūleʻa

In Honolulu, Kāne attracted a group of sailing enthusiasts, including University of Hawaiʻi anthropologist Ben Finney and Tommy Holmes, author of The Hawaiian Canoe. Together they founded the Polynesian Voyaging Society and began work on the Hōkūleʻa, a voyaging canoe based on historical Polynesian design, capable of sailing between Hawaiʻi and Tahiti.[9] Their purpose was to prove that ancestral Polynesian voyagers could have purposely navigated in vessels of similar type to settle Hawaiʻi.[10] Kāne has said his goal was also to spur a revival of cultural identity among Hawaiians and peoples of the Pacific islands. He wrote that in 1973 he, with a number of others at the time, realized that "if a voyaging canoe were built and sailed today, it would function as a cultural catalyst and inspire the revival of almost-forgotten aspects of Hawaiian life."[11]

Hōkūleʻa at Kailua Beach, May 1 2005

"What intrigued me was to see, if by building this canoe and putting it to active use and taking it out on a cruise throughout the Hawaiian islands, introducing it to the Hawaiian people, training Hawaiians to sail it, if this would not stimulate shock waves or ripple effect throughout the culture- in music and dance and the crafts. And we know it did."[12]

Kāne designed and named the Hōkūleʻa, which was launched on March 8, 1975.[1] Technically, the craft was a performance-accurate full-scale replica of a waʻa kaulua,[13] a Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe. The name Hōkūleʻa came to Kāne in a dream, he has said.[5]: 155 note 4 [10] It is the Hawaiian term for the star Arcturus, which is of critical importance to celestial navigation in the Pacific, and the zenith star of the Hawaiian Islands.[5]: 32  He served as the skipper for two years as the canoe sailed trial cruises among the Hawaiian Islands to attract crew and support for its maiden international voyage.[3][11]

Kāne's role in the creation and promotion of the Hōkūleʻa helped restore pride to the peoples of the Pacific, and his paintings of traditional Hawaiian scenes and historical events have helped restore lost identity and, in the words of the President of School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Tony Jones, "rewritten the history of the Pacific."[7] Kāne's colleague, Nainoa Thompson, navigator of the Hōkūleʻa, says Kāne was "the visionary, the dreamer, and he was the architect and the engineer. He's the one that carried the burden of building, and constructing, and sailing Hōkūleʻa."[14] Elsewhere, Thompson told an interviewer, "When you look at Herb's legacy, it is transforming Hawaiʻi's society because he brought pride and culture and inspiration back, through the canoe....He is the father of the Hawaiian Renaissance."[15]

Kāne died on March 8, 2011, the 36th anniversary of the launch of the Hōkūleʻa.[1]

Art works

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Cook Entering Kealakekua Bay, January 1779, oil on canvas painting by Herb Kawainui Kane, 1994, Isaacs Art Center

Daniel Inouye, United States Senator from Hawaiʻi, has been quoted as saying, "When you saw a Herb Kāne painting, you were energized and motivated to learn about the past. ...His artwork captured both ancient and modern-day Hawaiʻi and helped preserve Hawaiʻi's unique culture for future generations."[1] Kāne became one of the most respected figurative painters in Hawaiʻi, with major works on view at the Bishop Museum, the largest museum in the state and the premier natural and cultural history institution in the Pacific.[16] His work has been exhibited at Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park,[1] Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site, and in the Hawaiʻi State Capitol.[5]: 20  His paintings of Polynesian sailing have been widely reproduced, appearing as illustrations in books and articles. Among the first of these was a series of seven paintings commissioned by National Geographic Magazine and published in the December 1974 issue.[17]

His art is characterized by an emphasis on realistic and precise draftsmanship when depicting historical scenes, such as his series of voyaging canoe paintings and many other paintings of battles, everyday domestic life, and ceremonial occasions, which are extensively researched.[18] When Kāne turned his imagination to the legends of old Hawaiʻ I and the spiritual and mythological side of the Hawaiian culture, his work was more expressionistic, with bold brushwork and vivid colors. His expressionistic style is seen in his painting Pele, Goddess of the Volcano for the Jaggar Museum at Kīlauea, which depicts the supernatural figure with literal fire in her eyes and flowing lava as her hair.[19]

Herb is well known on so many different levels. Most of Herb's art was heavily researched, making sure that everything was historically accurate, even when it came to the weather and cloud coverage at that time in history. He had contacts in Washington, DC, and all around the globe who helped him achieve accuracy in his research. His art was not made by someone simply reaching into the imagination. It was created by an achievement of tireless research and this all adds to the value of his paintings. Herb was the first person to accurately paint European ships and more. After heavy research in the Maritime Museum in London, Herb uncovered ship plans that they never even knew they had! He used these for some of his paintings. Herb also designed some large, magnificently woven tapestries that had the breathtaking beauty of his paintings.[by whom?]

Site-specific works

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Kāne's paintings include several very large canvasses or murals for hotel lobbies and similar public and commercial spaces.[20] His 1973 mural, made of wool, titled Opening of the Pacific to Man, was designed for a space above the entrance to the Pacific Trade Center, on Alakea and King Streets in central Honolulu. It measures 11-foot (3.4 m) high and 43-foot (13 m) wide, and offers views of several voyaging canoes and a central monumental male figure holding a paddle. In the corner of the mural is a representation of the wayfarer's chart, traditionally made of shells and sticks, in which islands and ocean swell patterns are encoded to assist the training of a navigator.[21] As a design consultant, Kāne worked on resorts and visitor centers in Hawaiʻi and the South Pacific, as well as a cultural center in Fiji.[1] Kāne was commissioned by the National Park Service in 1976 to paint "Keoua's Arrival", which is on permanent display in the Visitor Center at Puʻukoholā Heiau National Historic Site.[22] Several of his large canvasses are on permanent view at the Outrigger Hotel in Waikiki in Honolulu, where the management dedicated the area as a permanent tribute to Kāne.[23]

One 1973 site-specific mural, painted on a custom-designed wall as part of a history center under construction (and never completed) at Punaluʻu Beach, twice gained notoriety. The historical mural, titled Ancient Punaluu, Hawaiʻi Island measured 24-foot (7.3 m) wide by 10-foot (3.0 m) high. According to a news report, "The mural shows aliʻi, warriors and commoners on the black sandbar, which separates Punaluʻu Bay from a pond where springs provide fresh water immediately behind the beach.....A ceiling of thatch gave the feeling of being inside an old Hawaiian shelter and the thatch hid lighting, which gave a natural, daylight look to the mural. Pebbles and sand at the base of the painting met real pebbles and sand on the floor of the history center."[24]

Installation photo of Ancient Punaluu, Hawaiʻi Island by Herb Kāne

In 1975 the mural survived a tsunami that destroyed the interior of the building. According to Kāne's account on his personal blog, quoting eyewitnesses, the wave pushed all the displays out the far side of the room and left a mud line three or four feet high on the wall—except on the mural, which was dry and undamaged.[25] Then in 2005 the mural was stolen from the site, which was vacant and unfinished. Thieves are believed to have cut out the wall in five sections using a circular saw powered by a portable generator, and in this way stole the painting, which has never been recovered.[24] Kāne responded by recreating a version of the mural in oil paint on canvas, saying, "Now all the thieves have is a preliminary sketch. Vengeance is mine."[3]

Stamps

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Kāne's work on a much smaller scale reveals his artistic versatility. Kāne designed seven postage stamps for the U.S. Postal Service including stamps commemorating each of the 25th and the 50th anniversaries of Hawaiian statehood. His 1984 stamp for the 25th anniversary of Hawaiian statehood depicts a double-hulled voyaging canoe, a Pacific golden plover (a migratory bird which winters in Hawaiʻi), and a volcano erupting on the flank of Mauna Loa, on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi.[26] On the day of its release, sales of this stamp set a new record for the U.S. Postal Service.[citation needed] His 2009 stamp for the State's 50th anniversary depicts a person surfing and people paddling a traditional outrigger canoe, all riding the same wave.[27] This stamp engendered some controversy, as Kāne was highly critical of the typography in the final design, which he felt mistakenly substituted an apostrophe for the symbol that signals a glottal stop in the word Hawaiʻi and is known by the term ʻokina.[28][29] He also designed postage stamps for several Pacific island nations, including French Polynesia, the Federated States of Micronesia, as well as the Republic of the Marshall Islands.[1]

Three-dimensional art

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Although best known for his paintings, Kāne also produced a limited-edition bronze sculpture and other three-dimensional works[5]: 14, 43  besides the Hōkūleʻa, which has been called his moving sculpture.[7] His monumental bronze figure, The Young Kamehameha stands in Wailea, Maui.[5]: 122 

Last commission

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Kāne's last commissioned work was for the Royal Hawaiian Hotel, a wall-sized painting of Kamehameha I's landing in Oahu. His health declined and he passed before the work could be completed; however, he had left instructions that, should he die before the work was finished, he wished Brook Kapūkuniahi Parker to complete the work. Eventually, the hotel decided to display the work unfinished.[30]

Publications

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Kāne communicated his message of the importance of Hawaiian culture and its origins, in print (as author, publisher, and illustrator) and television. Kāne is the author of several books, including:

Canoes of Polynesia (1974) (portfolio of 12 lithographs with accompanying booklet)[31]
Voyage, the Discovery of Hawaiʻi (1976)[32]
A Canoe Helps Hawaii Recapture Her Past in National Geographic Magazine, April, 1976[11]
Pele, Goddess of Volcanoes (1987)[19]
Voyagers (1991, 2nd edition 2006)[5]
Ancient Hawaiʻi (1997)[33]

Kāne is illustrator of:

The Life and Times of John Young: Confidant and Advisor to Kamehameha the Great[34]
The Power of the Stone: A Hawaiian Ghost Story[35]
Christmas Time with Eddie Kamae and the Sons of Hawaiʻi (1977 album cover: Hawaii Sons HS-4004)[36]
Voyagers, The First Hawaiians (film directed and scored by Paul Csige, based on the 1976 book Voyage, The Discovery of Hawaii by Herb Kāne)[37][38][39]

Online interviews include:

Never Lost: Polynesian Navigation (The Offering)[40]
Ask the Experts: Herb Kawainui Kāne (The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey)[41] Kāne served as a member of the advisory panel for the 1998 independent film, The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey, which was broadcast widely on television stations including those of the U.S. Public Broadcasting System.[41]

Honors

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  • 1984—Named a Living Treasure of Hawaiʻi by the Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Honolulu[42]
  • 1987 —One of 16 chosen as Poʻokela (Champion) for the Year of the Hawaiian Celebration[43]
  • 1988–1992 – A founding trustee of the Native Hawaiian Culture & Arts Program, Bishop Museum[43]
  • 1998 – Awarded Bishop Museum's Charles Reed Bishop Medal[43]
  • 2002 – Received an award for excellence from The Hawaiʻi Book Publishers Association[43]
  • 2008 – Awarded an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago[7]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kakesako, Gregg K.; Kubota, Gary (March 9, 2011). "Artist Herb Kane dies at age 82". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Honolulu, Hawaii: Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Archived from the original on August 3, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
  2. ^ Emory, Kenneth P. (December 1974). "The Coming of the Polynesians". National Geographic. 146 (6). Washington, DC: National Geographic Society: 732–745.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Heckathorn, John (June 2011). "Herb Kane: The Last Interview". Honolulu, Hawaii: Honolulu Magazine. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d Hauser, Susan G. (July 29, 2010). "Interviewing Herb Kawainui Kane". Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kane, Herb Kawainui (1991). Berry, Paul (ed.). Voyagers. Managing Editors Robert B. Goodman and Lorie Rapkin (First ed.). Bellevue, Washington: Whalesong, Inc. ISBN 0-9627095-1-4. OCLC 24562482. A Beyond Words Publishing Company Special Edition
  6. ^ Krauss, Bob (July 2, 2006). "D. Howard Hitchcock". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d von Buol, Peter (May 20, 2008). "Chicago honors Hawaii artist Herb Kane". Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  8. ^ "A. W. F. Fuller Collection". Chicago Illinois USA: Field Museum of Natural History. March 2, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  9. ^ a b von Buol, Peter (May–June 2011). "Portrait of an Icon". Maui Magazine. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  10. ^ a b Zisk, Janet M. "The Polynesian Voyaging Society and Voyages of the Hōkūleʻa Collection in the Kanehameha School/Bishop Estate Archives". Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  11. ^ a b c Kane, Herb Kawainui (April 1976). "A Canoe Helps Hawaii Recapture Her Past". National Geographic Magazine. 149 (4). Washington, DC: National Geographic Society: 476.
  12. ^ Harden, M.V. "Herb Kane Artist And Historian". Kapaa, Hawaii: LBD Coffee LLC dba Coffee Times. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  13. ^ Chun, Naomi N.Y. (1995) [1988]. "Types of Canoes" (PDF). Hawaiian Canoe-Building Traditions (in American English and Hawaiian). illustrated by Robin Y. Burningham (Revised ed.). Honolulu, HI: Kamehameha Schools Press. pp. 57–62. ISBN 0-87336-043-5. OCLC 35262569. Retrieved October 12, 2013 – via The Hawaiian Electronic Library.
  14. ^ Cunningham, Jai (March 9, 2011). "Herb Kane remembered as more than just an artist". Honolulu, Hawaii: KHON-TV. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  15. ^ "Nainoa Thompson reflects on Herb Kane's legacy". WorldNow and KHNL/KGMB. March 10, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  16. ^ "About Us". Hololulu HI: The Bishop Museum. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  17. ^ Kane, Herb Kawainui (December 1974). "The Pathfinders". National Geographic Magazine. 146 (6). Washington, DC: National Geographic Society: 756–769.
  18. ^ Mendoza, Jim (March 9, 2011). "Artist, author Herb Kane dies at 82". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  19. ^ a b Kane, Herb Kawainui (1996) [1987]. Pele: Goddess of Hawaii's Volcanoes (Revised ed.). Captain Cook, HI: Kawainui Press. ISBN 0-943357-01-2. OCLC 40653214.
  20. ^ Bracken, Sherry (March 9, 2011). "Beloved Icon Herb Kane Dies". Big Island News Center. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  21. ^ Radford, Georgia; Radford, Warren (1978). Sculpture in the Sun: Hawaii's Art for Open Spaces. photographs by Rick Golt. Honolulu, HI: University Press of Hawaii. p. 211. ISBN 0-8248-0526-7. OCLC 4005107.
  22. ^ Cunningham, Gregory (March 9, 2011). "A Treasure of Hawaii Passes Away". National Parks of the Pacific. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  23. ^ O'Connell, Maureen (June 27, 2011). "Hotel dedicates tribute area to memory of renowned Hawaii artist-historian Herb Kane". Hawaii Magazine. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  24. ^ a b Rod Thompson (July 20, 2005). "Isle masterpiece stolen: Thieves carve up and haul away a Herb Kane mural depicting life in early Hawaii". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  25. ^ Kane, Herb Kauainui. "Painting in Public". Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  26. ^ "Hawaii: the 50th State". Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution National Postal Museum. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
  27. ^ "Stamp Announcement 09-40: Hawai'i Statehood, postal bulletin 22263 (7-16-09)" (PDF). Washington, DC: United States Postal Service. July 16, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  28. ^ Burlingame, Burl (July 21, 2009). "Typo on stamp sickens designer". Star Bulletin. Honolulu HI. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
  29. ^ "The Critical Diacritical". United States Postal Service. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  30. ^ Catharine Lo Griffin (2021). "Faces of the Ancestors". ana Hou! Magazine. Retrieved April 4, 2021.[permanent dead link]
  31. ^ Kane, Herb Kawainui (1974). Canoes of Polynesia. Honolulu: Island Heritage House.
  32. ^ Kane, Herb Kawainui (1976). Knowlton, William (ed.). Voyage, The Discovery of Hawaiʻi. Honolulu, HI: Island Heritage Limited. ISBN 978-0-89610-031-2. OCLC 779104754.
  33. ^ Kane, Herb Kawainui (1997). Ancient Hawaiʻi. Captain Cook, HI: Kawainui Press. ISBN 978-0-943357-02-7. OCLC 40050123.
  34. ^ Cahill, Emmett (1999). Wageman, Virginia (ed.). The Life and Times of John Young: Confidant and Advisor to Kamehameha the Great. Herb Kawainui Kāne, illustrator. Honolulu, HI: Island Heritage. ISBN 978-0-89610-449-5. OCLC 42656570.
  35. ^ Nunes, Shiho S. (2001). The Power of the Stone: A Hawaiian Ghost Story. Adventures in Hawaii. Herb Kawainui Kāne, illustrator (Paperback ed.). Honolulu, HI: Island Heritage. ISBN 978-0-89610-283-5. OCLC 50471390.
  36. ^ Kamakahi, Rev. Dennis. "Liner Notes, Various Artists". KI HO'ALU CHRISTMAS Set one, song 7. Dancing Cat. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  37. ^ Csige, Paul, Director; Mecca, Lorraine, Producer; in association with Herb Kawainui Kane (2009). Voyagers, the first Hawaiians. Kamuela, HI: Guiding Star Pictures. ASIN B002O8X08U. ISBN 9781603650052. OCLC 459797447. Archived from the original (DVD) on September 8, 2011. Available as Closed access icon instant video at Amazon.
  38. ^ "Voyagers: The First Hawaiians a feature film by Paul Csige". Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  39. ^ "Voyagers The Movie, World Premier May 30, 2009". Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  40. ^ "Never Lost: Polynesian Navigation:Talking Story: The Offering". San Francisco, California USA: Exploratorium the museum of science, art and human perception. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  41. ^ a b "The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey: Ask the Experts: Herb Kawainui Kane". David Neiman, Producer; Gail Evenari, Producer; Jennifer Belcher. Arlington, VA: PBS. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  42. ^ Hirschfelder, Arlene B; Molin, Paulette Fairbanks (2012). The extraordinary book of Native American lists. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 493. ISBN 9780810877108. OCLC 794706782. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  43. ^ a b c d Stanton, Karin (March 9, 2011). "Artist, historian and author Herb Kane dies (1928–2011)". Hawaii 24/7. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
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