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Lists of earthquakes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Earthquakes (6.0+ Mw) between 1900 and 2017

Earthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle. They range from weak events detectable only by seismometers, to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the greatest disasters in human history. Below, earthquakes are listed by period, region or country, year, magnitude, cost, fatalities, and number of scientific studies.

Lists by time period

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By century

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By decade

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By year

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Lists by location

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By country

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By region

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Deadliest earthquakes

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See also: List of deadliest 20th-century earthquakes per year and List of deadliest 21st-century earthquakes per year

The following is a summary list of earthquakes with over approximately 100,000 deaths.[1] The 893 Ardabil earthquake probably relate to the 893 Dvin earthquake, due to misreading of the Arabic word for Dvin, 'Dabil' as 'Ardabil'.[2] This is regarded as a 'fake earthquake'.[3]

Rank Event Date Location Fatalities Magn­itude Notes
1 1976 Tangshan earthquake July 28, 1976 China Hebei, China 242,769–700,000+ 7.6 Official casualty figure is 242,769 deaths. Estimated death toll as high as 655,000. 799,000 injured.[4][5]
2 1920 Haiyuan earthquake December 16, 1920 Beiyang government Ningxia–Gansu, China 273,400 7.8 Previously cited death toll was 230,000 and this figure was revised in 2010.[6][7]
3 526 Antioch earthquake May 21, 526 Byzantine Empire Antioch, Byzantine Empire (modern-day Turkey) 250,000[8] 7.0[9] Procopius (II.14.6), sources based on John of Ephesus.
4 1139 Ganja earthquake September 30, 1139 Ganja, Seljuk Empire (modern-day Azerbaijan Azerbaijan) 230,000–300,000[10] 7.0 Mw  Death toll may have been a historical conflation with earthquakes on November 1137 in the Jazira plain and the 1138 Aleppo earthquake.[11]
5 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami December 26, 2004 Indonesia Sumatra, Indonesia 227,898 9.1–9.3 Death toll includes those missing and presumed dead.[10]
6 1138 Aleppo earthquake October 11, 1138 Aleppo, Seljuk Empire (modern-day Syria Syria) 130,000–230,000[12] 7.1[12] The figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and the 1139 Ganja earthquakein the Azerbaijani city of Ganja. The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century.[11]
7 2010 Haiti earthquake January 12, 2010 Haiti Haiti 100,000–316,000 7.0 Estimates vary from 316,000 (Haitian government) to 222,570 (UN OCHA estimate)[13] to 158,000 (Medicine, Conflict and Survival) to between 85,000 and 46,000 (report commissioned by USAID).[14][15]
8 1303 Hongdong earthquake July 25, 1303 Shanxi, Yuan dynasty (modern-day China China) 200,000[16] 8.0 Taiyuan and Pingyang were leveled.
9 856 Damghan earthquake December 22, 856 Damghan, Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Iran Iran) 200,000 7.9 Ms
10 533 Aleppo earthquake November 29, 533 Byzantine Empire Aleppo, Byzantine Empire (modern-day Syria) 130,000[17] Unknown
11 1948 Ashgabat earthquake October 6, 1948 Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR (modern-day Turkmenistan) 110,000 7.3 Ms Previously cited death toll was 10,000 until a news release on December 9, 1988 advised that the correct death toll was 110,000.[10]
12 1923 Great Kantō earthquake September 1, 1923 Empire of Japan Kantō region, Japan 105,385[18] 7.9 This earthquake with an epicenter beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay, shook the Kantō plain on the Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58 am. Shaking duration reported between 4 and 10 minutes, devastating Tokyo, Yokohama, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka.[19] Shaking slid the 93-ton Great Buddha statue at Kamakura almost 2 feet (0.61 m) forward. Casualty estimates range from 100,000 to 142,800, the latter figure including ≈40,000 missing later presumed dead.
13 1556 Shaanxi earthquake January 23, 1556 Shaanxi, China 100,000+ 8.0 Direct deaths thought to be just over 100,000 while about 730,000 people died from famines or migrated elsewhere.[20][21][22][23]
14 1290 Zhili earthquake September 27, 1290 Ningcheng, Yuan dynasty (modern-day China China) 100,000 6.8 Ms  Estimates also suggests lower values of at least 7,000.[24]

Deadliest earthquakes by year

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Date Magnitude Location Depth (km) MMI Deaths
May 1, 1929 7.2  Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, Ahal Region 10.0 IX 3,257–3,800
July 23, 1930 6.6  Italy, Irpinia 15.0 X 1,404
August 10, 1931 8.0  China, Xinjiang Province 20.0 XI 10,000
May 20, 1932 5.4  Persia, Mazandaran province 12.0 VIII 1,070
August 25, 1933 7.3  China, Sichuan Province 15.0 X 6,865-9,300
January 15, 1934 8.0    Nepal, Koshi 15.0 X 10,700–12,000
May 30, 1935 7.7  British Raj, Khanate of Kalat 15.0 X 30,000–60,000
April 1, 1936 6.8  China, Guangxi Province 0.0 IX 1,001
July 31, 1937 6.9  China, Shandong Province 25.0 IX 3,252
April 19, 1938 6.6  Turkey, Kırşehir Province 10.0 IX 224
December 27, 1939 7.8  Turkey, Erzincan Province 20.0 XII 32,700–32,968
November 10, 1940 7.7  Romania, Vrancea County 133.0 X 1,000
January 11, 1941 5.8–6.5  Yemen, Razih District 35.0 VIII 1,200
December 20, 1942 7.0  Turkey, Erbaa 10.0 IX 3,000
November 27, 1943 7.5–7.7  Turkey, Çankırı 20.0 XI 2,824–5,000
January 15, 1944 7.0  Argentina, San Juan 15.0 IX 10,000
November 28, 1945 8.1  British Raj, Makran Coast 15.0 X 300–4,000
August 4, 1946 7.8  Dominican Republic, Samaná 15.0 IX 2,550
August 4, 1947 7.7  Peru, Junín Province 20.0 IX 233–2,233
October 6, 1948 7.3  Soviet Union, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic 15.0 X 10,000–110,000
July 10, 1949 7.5  Soviet Union, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic 18.0 IX 7,200
August 15, 1950 8.6  India, Assam 15.0 XI 4,800
May 6, 1951 5.9–6.2  El Salvador, Usulután 85.0 VIII 400–1,100
November 5, 1952 9.0  Soviet Union, Russian Soviet Socialist Republic 21.6 XI 2,336
March 18, 1953 7.5  Turkey, Balıkesir Province 10.0 IX 1,070
September 9, 1954 6.7  France, Chlef Province, Algeria 15.0 XI 1,243–1,409
March 31, 1955 7.4  Philippines, Western Mindanao 35.0 VIII 465
October 31, 1956 6.4  Iran, Hormozgan 15.0 VII 347
December 13, 1957 6.5  Iran, Hamadan 15.0 VII 1,130
August 16, 1958 6.7  Iran, Lorestan 15.0 VII 132
August 18, 1959 7.3  United States, Montana 5.0 X 28
February 29, 1960 5.8  Morocco, Souss-Massa 15.0 X 12,000–15,000
June 11, 1961 6.4  Iran, Fars province 15.0 VIII 60
September 1, 1962 7.1  Iran, Qazvin province 10.0 IX 12,225
July 26, 1963 6.1  Yugoslavia, Macedonia 15.0 X 1,070
March 27, 1964 9.2  United States, Alaska 25.0 XI 131
March 28, 1965 7.4–7.6  Chile, Valparaíso Region 70.0 IX 400–500
March 22, 1966 6.8  China, Hebei 20.0 IX 8,064
July 29, 1967 6.6  Venezuela, Vargas 25.0 VIII 225–300
August 31, 1968 7.1  Iran, South Khorasan Province 10.0 X 15,900
July 25, 1969 6.4  China, Guangdong 20.0 VIII 3,000
May 31, 1970 7.9  Peru, Ancash 45.0 VIII 66,794–70,000
May 22, 1971 6.6  Turkey, Bingöl 10.0 VIII 875[25]
April 10, 1972 6.7  Iran, Fars 10.0 IX 5,374
February 6, 1973 7.6  China, Sichuan 11.0 X 2,175–2,204
May 10, 1974 7.1  China, Yunnan 14.0 IX 1,641–20,000
September 6, 1975 6.7  Turkey, Diyarbakır 26.0 IX 2,311
July 28, 1976 7.6  China, Hebei 12.2 XI 242,719–655,000
March 4, 1977 7.5  Romania, Vrancea 85.3 IX 1,700
September 16, 1978 7.4  Iran, Yazd 33.0 IX 15,000–25,000
December 12, 1979 8.2  Colombia, Nariño 33.0 IX 300–600
October 10, 1980 7.1  Algeria, Chlef 10.0 X 2,633–5,000
June 11, 1981 6.6  Iran, Kerman 33.0 VIII 3,000
December 13, 1982 6.2  North Yemen, Dhamar 10.0 VIII 2,800
October 30, 1983 6.6  Turkey, Erzurum 15.0 IX 1,340
September 13, 1984 6.3  Japan, Nagano 2.0 VIII 14
September 19, 1985 8.0  Mexico, Michoacán 20.0 IX 5,000–45,000
October 10, 1986 5.7  El Salvador, San Salvador 10.0 IX 1,000–1,500
March 6, 1987 7.1  Ecuador, Sucumbíos 10.0 IX 1,000
December 7, 1988 6.8  Soviet Union, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 5.0 X 25,000–50,000
January 23, 1989 5.3  Soviet Union, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic 33.0 VII 274
June 21, 1990 7.4  Iran, Gilan 18.5 X 35,000–40,000
October 20, 1991 6.8  India, Uttar Pradesh 11.6 IX 768–2,000[26]
December 12, 1992 7.8  Indonesia, Flores Sea offshore 27.7 VIII 2,500[27]
September 29, 1993 6.2  India, Maharashtra 10.0 VIII 9,748
June 6, 1994 6.8  Colombia, Cauca 12.1 IX 1,100
January 17, 1995 6.9  Japan, Kobe 21.9 XI 5,502–6,434
February 3, 1996 6.6  China, Yunnan 10.0 X 309–322
May 10, 1997 7.3  Iran, Khorasan 10.0 X 1,567
May 30, 1998 6.5  Afghanistan, Takhar 33.0 VII 4,000–4,500
August 17, 1999 7.6  Turkey, İzmit 17.0 X 17,127–18,373
June 4, 2000 7.9  Indonesia, Enggano Island offshore 44.0 VI 103[28]
January 26, 2001 7.6  India, Bhuj 16.0 X 13,805–20,023
March 25, 2002 6.1  Afghanistan, Baghlan Province 8.0 VII 1,200
December 26, 2003 6.6  Iran, Bam 15.0 IX 34,000
December 26, 2004 9.2–9.3  Indonesia, Sumatra offshore 30.0 IX 227,898
October 8, 2005 7.6  Pakistan, Balakot 15.0 XI 86,000–87,351
May 27, 2006 6.4  Indonesia, Yogyakarta 10.0 IX 5,749[29]
August 15, 2007 8.0  Peru, Ica offshore 39.0 IX 595
May 12, 2008 7.9  China, Sichuan 19.0 XI 87,587
September 30, 2009 7.6  Indonesia, Padang offshore 90.0 VII[30] 1,115
January 12, 2010 7.0  Haiti, Léogâne 13.0 X 100,000–316,000
March 11, 2011 9.1  Japan, Sendai offshore 29.0 IX 19,759
August 11, 2012 6.4  Iran, East Azerbaijan 9.0 VIII 306
September 24, 2013 7.7  Pakistan, Balochistan 15.0 IX 825
August 3, 2014 6.1  China, Yunnan 10.0 IX 617
April 25, 2015 7.8    Nepal, Gorkha District 8.2 X 8,962
April 16, 2016 7.8  Ecuador, Esmeraldas 20.6 VIII[31] 676
November 12, 2017 7.3 IranIraq Iran–Iraq border Region 19.0 IX 630
September 28, 2018 7.5  Indonesia, Palu 20.0 X 4,340
November 26, 2019 6.4  Albania, Durrës 10.0 VIII 51
October 30, 2020 7.0  Greece
 Turkey
Aegean Sea 		21.0 VIII 119
August 14, 2021 7.2  Haiti, Nippes 10.0 IX 2,248
June 21, 2022 6.0  Afghanistan, Khost 10.0 VIII 1,052–1,163
February 6, 2023 7.8 & 7.7  Turkey, Southeastern Anatolia
 Syria, Aleppo and Idlib 		10.0 & 7.4 XII 59,488–62,013
January 1, 2024 7.5  Japan, Ishikawa 10.0 X 412

Largest earthquakes by magnitude

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A pie chart comparing the seismic moment release of the three largest earthquakes for the hundred-year period from 1906 to 2005 with that for all earthquakes of magnitudes <6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, and >8 for the same period. The 2011 Japan quake would be roughly similar to Sumatra.
Earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and greater from 1900 to 2018. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their respective fatalities.[32] The colour indicates the continent, and the legend counts the number of quakes for each. Notice the absence of Africa.

For those which occurred before the development and deployment of seismographs – starting around 1900 – magnitudes are estimated from historical reports of the extent and severity of damage.[33]

Rank Date Location Event Magnitude
1 May 22, 1960 Chile Valdivia, Chile 1960 Valdivia earthquake 9.4–9.6
2 March 27, 1964 United States Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States 1964 Alaska earthquake 9.2–9.3[34]
3 December 26, 2004 Indonesia Sumatra, Indonesia 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 9.2–9.3[35][36]
4 March 11, 2011 Japan Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan 2011 Tōhoku earthquake 9.0–9.1[37][38]
5 November 4, 1952 Soviet Union Kamchatka, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake 9.0
6 January 31, 1906 EcuadorColombia Ecuador – Colombia 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake 8.8
7 February 27, 2010 Chile Maule, Chile 2010 Chile earthquake 8.8
8 February 3, 1965 United States Rat Islands, Alaska, United States 1965 Rat Islands earthquake 8.7
9 August 15, 1950 IndiaChina Assam, India – Tibet, China 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake 8.6–8.7[39]
10 April 1, 1946 United States Aleutian Islands, Alaska, United States 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake 8.6
11 March 28, 2005 Indonesia Sumatra, Indonesia 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake 8.6
12 March 9, 1957 United States Andreanof Islands, Alaska, United States 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake 8.6
13 April 11, 2012 Indonesia Sumatra, Indonesia 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes 8.6
14 November 10, 1922 Chile Atacama, Chile 1922 Vallenar earthquake 8.5–8.6
15 February 1, 1938 Dutch East Indies Banda Sea, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) 1938 Banda Sea earthquake 8.5–8.6
16 October 13, 1963 Soviet Union Kuril Islands, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake 8.5

Pre-instrumental earthquakes

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Date Location Event Magnitude
July 8, 1730 Spanish Empire Valparaíso, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1730 Valparaíso earthquake 9.1–9.3 (est.)[40]
October 17, 1737 Russian Empire Kamchatka Peninsula, Russian Empire 1737 Kamchatka earthquake 9.0–9.3 (est.)
November 17, 1837 Chile Valdivia, Chile 1837 Valdivia earthquake 8.8–9.5 (est.)[41]
August 31, 1420 Chile Pacific Ocean, Atacama region (now Atacama, Chile) 1420 Caldera earthquake 8.8–9.4 (est.)
December 16, 1575 Spanish Empire Valdivia, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1575 Valdivia earthquake 9.0 (est.)
November 24, 1604 Spanish Empire Arica, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1604 Arica earthquake 9.0 (est.)
October 28, 1707 Japan Pacific Ocean, Shikoku region, Japan 1707 Hōei earthquake 8.7–9.3 (est.) [42]
November 25, 1833 Dutch East Indies Sumatra, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) 1833 Sumatra earthquake 8.8–9.2 (est.)
May 17, 1841 Russian Empire Kamchatka, Russian Empire 1841 Kamchatka earthquake 9.0 (est.)
January 26, 1700 Spanish Empire Pacific Ocean, US, and Canada (then claimed by the Spanish Empire and the British Empire) 1700 Cascadia earthquake 8.7–9.2 (est.)
August 13, 1868 Peru Arica, Chile (then Peru) 1868 Arica earthquake 8.5–9.3 (est.)
July 13, 869 Japan Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan 869 Jōgan earthquake 8.6–9.0 (est.)
November 26, 1852 Dutch East Indies Banda Islands, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) 1852 Banda Sea earthquake 8.8 (est.)[43]
May 9, 1877 Peru Iquique, Chile (then Peru) 1877 Iquique earthquake 8.7–8.9 (est.)
November 1, 1755 Kingdom of Portugal Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal 1755 Lisbon earthquake 8.5–9.0 (est.)
October 20, 1687 Spanish Empire Lima, Peru (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1687 Peru earthquake 8.7 (est.)
October 28, 1746 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake 8.6–8.8 (est.)
April 2, 1762 Chittagong, Bangladesh (then Kingdom of Mrauk U) 1762 Arakan earthquake 8.5–8.8 (est.)
September 20, 1498 Japan Pacific Ocean, Chūbu region, Japan 1498 Meiō earthquake 8.6 (est.)
March 28, 1787 Spanish Empire Oaxaca, Mexico (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1787 New Spain earthquake 8.6 (est.)
February 2, 1816 Kingdom of Portugal Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal 1816 North Atlantic earthquake 8.6 (est.)
July 21, 365 Greece Mediterranean Sea, Crete, Greece 365 Crete earthquake 8.5+ (est.)
August 24, 1356 Kingdom of Portugal Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal 1356 Lisbon earthquake [pt] 8.5 (est.)
June 6, 1505 Nepal Himalayas, northern Nepal 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake 8.2–8.8 (est.)
July 25, 1668 Qing dynasty Shandong, China 1668 Shandong earthquake 8.5 (est.)[44]
May 24, 1751 Spanish Empire Concepción, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) 1751 Concepción earthquake 8.5 (est.)
March 31, 1761 Kingdom of Portugal Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal 1761 Lisbon earthquake 8.5 (est.)[45]
April 4, 1819 Chile Copiapó, Chile 1819 Copiapó earthquake 8.5 (est.)[41]
November 19, 1822 Chile Valparaíso, Chile 1822 Valparaíso earthquake 8.5 (est.)
February 20, 1835 Chile Concepción, Chile 1835 Concepción earthquake 8.5 (est.)
February 8, 1843  Guadeloupe region, Lesser Antilles 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake 8.5 (est.)[46]
February 16, 1861 Dutch East Indies Sumatra, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) 1861 Sumatra earthquake 8.5 (est.)
June 15, 1896 Empire of Japan Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Empire of Japan 1896 Sanriku earthquake 8.5 (est.)

List by year

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Year Date Magnitude Location Depth (km) MMI Deaths Injuries
1937 January 7, 1937[47] 7.8  China, Qinghai 15.0 VIII 0 0
1938 February 1, 1938 8.5–8.6  Dutch East Indies, Maluku offshore 60.0 VII 0 0
1939 December 21, 1939[48] 8.1  Dutch East Indies, Central Sulawesi offshore 150.0 VII 0 0
1940 May 24, 1940 8.2  Peru, Lima 45.0 VIII 179–300 3,500
1941 November 18, 1941 8.0  Japan, Miyazaki offshore 35.0 VII 2 0
1942 August 24, 1942 8.2  Peru, Ica 35.0 IX 30 25
1943 April 6, 1943 7.9–8.2  Chile, Coquimbo 35.0 VIII 11 0
1944 December 7, 1944 8.1  Japan, Wakayama offshore 30.0 VIII 1,223 2,135
1945 November 27, 1945 8.1  India, Balochistan offshore 15.0 X 4,000 0
1946 April 1, 1946 8.6  United States, Alaska offshore 15.0 VI 173 0
1947 May 27, 1947[49] 7.6  Dutch East Indies, Papua offshore 15.0 VI 0 0
November 1, 1947  Peru, Junin 20.0 IX 233 0
1948 January 24, 1948 7.8  Philippines, Panay 15.0 X 50 0
1949 August 22, 1949 8.0  Canada, Haida Gwaii 10.0 VIII 0 0
1950 August 15, 1950 8.6 IndiaChina India–China, Assam–Tibet border region 15.0 XI 4,800 0
1951 November 24, 1951 7.8  Taiwan, East Rift Valley 30.0 VII 85 1,200
1952 November 4, 1952 9.0  Soviet Union, Kamchatka 21.6 XI 2,336 0
1953 November 25, 1953[50] 7.9  Japan, Yokohama 25.0 V 1 0
1954 March 29, 1954[51] 7.8  Spain, Andalusia 626.2 IV 0 0
1955 February 27, 1955[52] 7.5  New Zealand, Kermadec Islands 15.0 I 0 0
1956 July 9, 1956 7.7  Greece, Dodecanese Islands 20.0 IX 56 0
1957 March 9, 1957 8.6–9.1  United States, Aleutian Islands, Alaska 25.0 VIII 2 0
1958 November 6, 1958 8.3  Soviet Union, Kuril Islands 35.0 X 0 51
1959 May 4, 1959 7.9  Soviet Union, Kamchatka 55.0 VIII 1 13
1960 May 22, 1960 9.5  Chile, Valdivia 25.0 XII 6,000 11,000
1961 August 19, 1961[53] 7.6  Peru, Madre de Dios Region 612.2 IV 0 0
1962 May 21, 1962[54] 7.5  Fiji offshore 390.0 I 0 0
1963 October 13, 1963 8.5  Soviet Union, Kuril Islands 35.0 IX 0 0
1964 March 27, 1964 9.1–9.2 United States Alaska, Prince William Sound 25.0 XI 131 0
1965 February 3, 1965 8.7 United States Alaska, Aleutian Islands 30.3 VI 0 0
1966 October 17, 1966 8.1  Peru, Arequipa 38.0 IX 125 3,000
1967 July 22, 1967 7.4  Turkey, Sakarya Province 30.0 X 86 0
1968 May 16, 1968 8.3  Japan, Hokkaidō 26.0 VIII 52 330
1969 August 11, 1969[55] 8.2  Soviet Union, Kuril Islands 30.0 VIII 0 0
1970 July 31, 1970 8.0  Colombia, Amazonas Department 644.8 IV 1 4
1971 July 26, 1971 8.1  Papua New Guinea, Kokopo 37.0 IX 3 5
1972 1972[56] 8.0  Philippines, Mindanao 60.0 VII 0 0
1973 June 17, 1973 7.8  Japan, Hokkaidō 43.3 VIII 0 27
1974 October 3, 1974 8.1  Peru, Lima 13.0 IX 78 2,400
1975 May 26, 1975 7.9 north Atlantic Ocean 33.0 VI 0 0
1976 August 17, 1976 8.0  Philippines, Moro Gulf 33.0 VIII 8,000 10,000
1977 August 19, 1977 8.3  Indonesia, Bima 25.0 VI 189 1,100
1978 June 12, 1978 7.7  Japan, Miyagi 44.0 VIII 28 1,325
1979 December 12, 1979 8.2  Colombia, Nariño offshore
 Ecuador, Esmeraldas offshore 		24.0 IX 600 0
1980 July 17, 1980[57] 7.7  Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz Islands 33.0 VI 0 0
1981 September 1, 1981[58] 7.6  New Zealand, offshore 25.0 IV 0 0
1982 June 19, 1982 7.3  El Salvador, offshore 73.0 VII 43 0
1983 March 18, 1983[59] 7.7  Papua New Guinea, New Ireland 70.0 VII 0 0
May 26, 1983  Japan, off the coast of Honshu 15.1 VIII 104 324
1984 February 7, 1984[60] 7.6  Solomon Islands, Honiara 18.1 VIII 0 0
1985 September 19, 1985 8.0  Mexico, Mexico City 27.9 IX 10,000 30,000
1986 May 7, 1986[61] 8.0  United States, Aleutian Islands, Alaska 19.0 VII 0 0
1987 November 30, 1987[62] 7.9  United States, Gulf of Alaska 10.0 VI 0 0
1988 March 6, 1988[63] 7.7 United States, Gulf of Alaska 15.0 V 0 0
1989 May 23, 1989[64] 8.0  Australia, Macquarie Island 10.0 V 0 0
1990 July 16, 1990 7.7  Philippines, Luzon 24.4 IX 1,621 3,000
1991 April 22, 1991 7.6  Costa Rica, Limón 10.0 IX 127 759
1992 December 12, 1992 7.8  Indonesia, Sunda Islands 23.5 VIII 2,500 0
1993 August 8, 1993 7.8  Guam, Offshore 59.3 IX 0 71
1994 October 5, 1994 8.3  Russia, Kuril Islands 3.0 IX 12 1,742
1995 July 30, 1995 8.0  Chile, Antofagasta 30.5 VII 3 59
1996 February 17, 1996 8.2  Indonesia, Biak 11.5 VIII 166 423
1997 December 5, 1997[65] 7.8  Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula 23.5 VIII 0 0
1998 March 25, 1998 8.1  Antarctica, Balleny Islands 10.0 – 0 0
1999 September 21, 1999 7.7  Taiwan, Nantou County 15.5 IX 2,444 11,305
2000 November 16, 2000 8.0  Papua New Guinea, New Ireland 13.0 VII 2 0
2001 June 23, 2001 8.4  Peru, Arequipa 33.0 VIII 145 2,713
2002 November 3, 2002 7.9  United States, Alaska 4.2 IX 0 1
2003 September 26, 2003 8.3  Japan, Hokkaidō 23.5 IX 0 849
2004 December 26, 2004 9.2–9.3  Indonesia, Sumatra 10.0 IX 227,898 125,000
2005 March 28, 2005 8.6  Indonesia, Simeulue 21.0 IX 1313 300
2006 November 15, 2006 8.3  Russia, Kuril Islands 10.0 VI 0 1
2007 September 12, 2007 8.4  Indonesia, Sumatra 34.0 VIII 23 0
2008 May 12, 2008 7.9  China, Sichuan 19.0 XI 87,587 374,177
2009 September 29, 2009 8.1  Samoa, Offshore 18.0 VII 189 7
2010 February 27, 2010 8.8  Chile, Concepción 22.9 IX 550 12,000
2011 March 11, 2011 9.0–9.1  Japan, Honshu 29.0 IX 19,747 6,000
2012 April 11, 2012 8.6  Indonesia, Indian Ocean 20.0 VII 10 12
2013 May 24, 2013 8.3  Russia, Sea of Okhotsk 598.1 VI 0 0
2014 April 1, 2014 8.2  Chile, Iquique 25.0 VIII 6 9
2015 September 16, 2015 8.3  Chile, Coquimbo 22.4 IX 21 34
2016 December 17, 2016 7.9  Papua New Guinea, New Ireland 94.5 VII 0 0
2017 September 7, 2017 8.2  Mexico, Chiapas 47.4 IX 98 250
2018 August 19, 2018 8.2  Fiji, offshore 600.0 V 0 0
2019 May 26, 2019 8.0  Peru, Loreto 122.6 VIII 2 0
2020 July 22, 2020 7.8  United States, Alaska Peninsula offshore 28.0 VII 0 0
2021 July 28, 2021 8.2  United States, Alaska Peninsula offshore 32.2 VII 0 0
2022 September 11, 2022 7.6  Papua New Guinea, Morobe 61.4 VIII 21 42
September 19, 2022  Mexico, Michoacán 25.5 VIII 2 35
2023 February 6, 2023 7.8  Turkey, Southeastern Anatolia 17.9 XII 59,488–62,013 121,704
2024 January 1, 2024 7.5  Japan, Ishikawa 10.0 X 412 1,339

List by country/territory

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  • This list is a work in progress. Information is likely to be changed.
  • The list refers to current country boundaries rather than those at the date of the earthquake.
  • Please note, multiple countries could have the same earthquake listed, such as the 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake being listed for both Ecuador and Colombia.
  • Unless otherwise noted, magnitudes are reported on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw).
Country/Territory Magnitude Date More information
 Afghanistan 7.8 November 15, 1921 [66]
 Albania 6.7 November 30, 1967 [67]
 Algeria 7.1 October 10, 1980 1980 El Asnam earthquake
 American Samoa 6.4 October 11, 1944 [68]
 Andorra 6.7 Me February 2, 1428 1428 Catalonia earthquake
 Angola 6.0 May 24, 1914 [69]
 Anguilla 6.3 February 16, 1906 [70]
Antarctica 8.1 March 25, 1998 1998 Balleny Islands earthquake
 Antigua and Barbuda 8.0 Ms April 16, 1690 [71]
 Argentina 7.5 November 23, 1977 1977 San Juan earthquake
 Armenia 6.8 Ms December 7, 1988 1988 Armenian earthquake
 Australia 8.0 May 23, 1989 [72]
 Austria 5.6–6.5 September 15, 1590 1590 Neulengbach earthquake
 Azerbaijan 7.0–7.3 September 30, 1139 1139 Ganja earthquake
 Bangladesh 8.5–8.8 April 2, 1762 1762 Arakan earthquake
 Barbados 6.5 February 18, 2014 & July 16, 2015 [73][74]
 Belgium 6.0–6.5 Ms September 18, 1692 1692 Northwestern Europe earthquake
 Belize 4.7 mb June 28, 1985 [75]
 Benin 4.4 mb September 11, 2009 [76]
 Bhutan 7.6–8.6 May 4, 1714 1714 Bhutan earthquake
 Bolivia 8.2 June 9, 1994 1994 Bolivia earthquake
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.1 October 27, 1969 1969 Banja Luka earthquake
 Botswana 6.7 ML October 11, 1952 [77]
 Brazil 7.6 November 9, 1963 [78]
 British Indian Ocean Territory 7.3 November 30, 1983 1983 Chagos Archipelago earthquake
 Brunei 5.2 mb February 22, 1992 [79]
 Bulgaria 7.2 March 31, 1901 & April 4, 1904 1901 Black Sea earthquake & 1904 Kresna earthquakes
 Burundi 5.4 October 30, 1966 [80]
 Cameroon 5.9 September 12, 1945 [81]
 Canada 8.7–9.2 January 26, 1700 1700 Cascadia earthquake
 Cape Verde 6.5 August 15, 1941 [82]
 Caribbean Netherlands 5.2 March 10, 2017 [83]
 Cayman Islands 7.7 January 28, 2020 2020 Caribbean earthquake
 Central African Republic 4.9 mb February 6, 1994 [84]
 Chile 9.4–9.6 May 22, 1960 1960 Valdivia earthquake
 China 8.6 August 15, 1950 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7.9 June 18, 2000 [85]
 Colombia 8.8 January 31, 1906 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
 Comoros 6.2 August 23, 1918 [86]
 Congo 5.2 April 26, 1998 [87]
 Costa Rica 7.7 April 22, 1991 1991 Limon earthquake
 Croatia 6.7 July 2, 1898 1898 Trilj earthquake
 Cuba 7.1 February 20, 1917 [88]
 Cyprus 7.0–7.5 May 11, 1222 1222 Cyprus earthquake
 Czech Republic 4.8 ML  December 23, 1985 [89]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 6.9 December 13, 1910 [90]
 Denmark 4.4 mb February 19, 2010 [91]
 Djibouti 6.5 August 20, 1989 [92]
 Dominica 6.4 January 8, 1959 [93]
 Dominican Republic 7.8 August 4, 1946 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake
 East Timor 7.2 September 29, 1905 [94]
 Ecuador 8.8 January 31, 1906 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
 Egypt 7.3 November 22, 1995 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
 El Salvador 8.0 MI December 19, 1862 [95]
 Equatorial Guinea 4.9 mb March 28, 1999 [96]
 Eritrea 6.6 December 28, 1977 [97]
 Estonia 4.5–4.7 mb October 25, 1976 Osmussaar earthquake
 Eswatini 4.4 mb August 4, 1987 [98]
 Ethiopia 6.5 August 25, 1906 [99]
 Fiji 8.2 August 19, 2018 2018 Fiji earthquakes
 Finland 4.7 Muk  November 4, 1898 [100]
 France 6.4–6.5 Muk  January 25, 1799 1799 Vendée earthquake
 French Guiana 6.9 August 4, 1885 [101]
 French Polynesia 5.6 March 6, 1965 [102]
 Gabon 6.0 September 23, 1974 [103]
 Georgia (country) 7.0 April 29, 1991 1991 Racha earthquake
 Germany 6.4 ML  February 18, 1756 1756 Düren earthquake
 Ghana 6.4 June 22, 1939 [104]
 Greece 8.5+ July 21, 365 365 Crete earthquake
 Greenland 7.4 November 20, 1933 1933 Baffin Bay earthquake
 Grenada 7.0 Ms December 3, 1831 [105]
 Guadeloupe 8.5 Muk  February 8, 1843 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake
 Guam 7.8 August 8, 1993 1993 Guam earthquake
 Guatemala 7.7 August 6, 1942 1942 Guatemala earthquake
 Guinea 6.3 December 22, 1983 1983 Guinea earthquake
 Guyana 5.5 January 31, 2021 [106]
 Haiti 8.1 Ms May 7, 1842 1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake
 Honduras 7.5 January 10, 2018 2018 Swan Islands earthquake
 Hong Kong 3.8 ML January 5, 2020 [107]
 Hungary 6.2–6.5 June 28, 1763 1763 Komárom earthquake
 Iceland 7.0 January 22, 1910 [108]
 India 8.6 August 15, 1950 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake
 Indonesia 9.2–9.3 December 26, 2004 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
 Iran 7.9 Ms December 22, 856 856 Damghan earthquake
 Iraq 7.0 September 22, 1666 [109]
 Ireland 4.0 ML  June 6, 2012 [110]
 Israel 7.3 December 5, 1033 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
 Italy 7.4 January 11, 1693 1693 Sicily earthquake
 Jamaica 7.7 January 28, 2020 2020 Caribbean earthquake
 Japan 9.0–9.1 March 11, 2011 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
 Jersey 5.4 July 30, 1926 [111]
 Jordan 7.3 December 5, 1033 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
 Kazakhstan 8.0 July 11, 1889 & January 3, 1911 1889 Chilik earthquake & 1911 Kebin earthquake
 Kenya 6.7 January 6, 1928 [112]
 Kiribati 5.9 mb May 23, 1982 [113]
 Kosovo 6.1 ML February 26, 1755 & August 10, 1921 [114]
 Kuwait 4.7 mb June 2, 1993 & November 11, 2020 [115][116]
 Kyrgyzstan 8.0 July 11, 1889 & January 3, 1911 1889 Chilik earthquake & 1911 Kebin earthquake
 Laos 6.7 December 22, 1925 [117]
 Lebanon 7.5 July 9, 551 551 Beirut earthquake
 Liberia 4.5 mb November 25, 1995 [118]
 Libya 6.8 April 19, 1935 [119]
 Liechtenstein 3.6 December 12, 2013 [120]
 Luxembourg 2.9 ML September 3, 1986 [121]
 Madagascar 6.2 July 4, 1919 [122]
 Malawi 6.3 March 10, 1989 1989 Malawi earthquake
 Malaysia 6.6 August 11, 1923 [123]
 Maldives 7.4 February 29, 1944 [124]
 Mali 4.2 mb January 11, 1999 [125]
 Malta 5.5 April 21, 2023 [126]
 Marshall Islands 5.7 March 22, 1982 [127]
 Martinique 7.5–8.0 January 11, 1839 1839 Martinique earthquake
 Mauritania 4.6 mb September 3, 1993 & March 1, 2012 [128][129]
 Mauritius 6.4 June 19, 1976 [130]
 Mayotte 5.9 May 15, 2018 [131]
 Mexico 8.6 March 28, 1787 1787 New Spain earthquake
 Federated States of Micronesia 7.8 August 16, 1911 [132]
 Moldova 3.9 mb April 2, 1988 [133]
 Monaco 6.3 July 19, 1963 [134]
 Mongolia 8.3 July 23, 1905 1905 Bolnai earthquake
 Montenegro 6.9 April 15, 1979 1979 Montenegro earthquake
 Morocco 6.8 November 27, 1755 & September 8, 2023 1755 Meknes earthquake & 2023 Al Haouz earthquake
 Mozambique 7.0 February 22, 2006 2006 Mozambique earthquake
 Myanmar 8.5–8.8 April 2, 1762 1762 Arakan earthquake
 Namibia 5.4 April 4, 2021 [135]
   Nepal 8.2–8.8 June 6, 1505 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake
 Netherlands 5.3 April 13, 1992 1992 Roermond earthquake
 New Caledonia 7.9 August 9, 1901 [136]
 New Zealand 8.2 January 23, 1855 & May 1, 1917 1855 Wairarapa earthquake[137]
 Nicaragua 7.7 September 2, 1992 1992 Nicaragua earthquake
 Niger 4.6 mb January 18, 2017 [138]
 Nigeria 4.5 mb March 7, 2000 [139]
 North Korea 7.7 September 29, 1973 [140]
 North Macedonia 6.7 March 8, 1931 [141]
 Northern Mariana Islands 7.7 December 28, 1940 & July 29, 2016 [142][143]
 Norway 6.8 August 30, 2012 [144]
 Oman 5.7 March 30, 1966 [145]
 Pakistan 8.1 November 28, 1945 1945 Balochistan earthquake
 Palau 6.5 May 31, 1982 [146]
 Palestine 7.3 December 5, 1033 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
 Panama 7.9–8.3 Ms September 7, 1882 1882 Panama earthquake
 Papua New Guinea 8.2 May 6, 1919 [147]
 Paraguay 6.5 February 28, 1989 [148]
 Peru (now part of present-day Chile) 8.5–9.3 August 13, 1868 1868 Arica earthquake
 Philippines 8.3 August 15, 1918 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake
 Poland 5.6 December 3, 1786 [149]
 Portugal 8.5–9.0 November 1, 1755 1755 Lisbon earthquake
 Puerto Rico 8.0 May 2, 1787 1787 Boricua earthquake
 Réunion 5.3 mb April 5, 2007 [150]
 Romania 7.9 October 26, 1802 1802 Vrancea earthquake
 Russia 9.0–9.3 October 16, 1737 1737 Kamchatka earthquake
 Rwanda 5.9 February 3, 2008 2008 Lake Kivu earthquake
 Saint Barthélemy 5.4 November 18, 1990 [151]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 6.5 March 16, 1985 [152]
 Saint Lucia 7.3 March 19, 1953 [153]
 Saint Martin 5.0 July 4, 2012 [154]
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7.2 November 18, 1929 1929 Grand Banks earthquake
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.1 July 6, 1940 [155]
 Samoa 8.3–8.5 June 25, 1917 1917 Samoa earthquake
 São Tomé and Príncipe 5.5 December 19, 2019 [156]
 Saudi Arabia 7.3 November 22, 1995 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
 Senegal 5.5 May 21, 1986 [157]
 Serbia 6.0 May 15, 1927 [158]
 Seychelles 5.2 mb April 28, 1995 [159]
 Slovakia 6.2–6.5 June 28, 1763 1763 Komárom earthquake
 Slovenia 6.1 ML April 14, 1895 1895 Ljubljana earthquake
 Solomon Islands 8.1 April 1, 2007 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake
 Somalia 6.0 January 22, 1929 [160]
 South Africa 6.8 December 31, 1932 [161]
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 8.1–8.3 August 12, 2021 2021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes
 South Korea 7.5 June 26, 1681 1681 Yangyang earthquake [ko]
 South Sudan 7.2 May 20, 1990 1990 South Sudan earthquakes
 Spain 7.8 March 29, 1954 [162]
 Sri Lanka 5.7 August 30, 1973 [163]
 Sudan 6.0 May 12, 1938 [164]
  Switzerland 6.0–7.1 October 18, 1356 1356 Basel earthquake
 Syria 7.6 Ms May 20, 1202 1202 Syria earthquake
 Taiwan 8.2 June 5, 1920 1920 Hualien earthquake
 Tajikistan 7.5 July 10, 1949 1949 Khait earthquake
 Tanzania 7.0 July 8, 1919 [165]
 Thailand 6.1 May 5, 2014 2014 Mae Lao earthquake
 Tonga 8.3–8.5 June 25, 1917 1917 Samoa earthquake
 Trinidad and Tobago 7.5 Mfa  January 10, 1888 [166]
 Tunisia 7.2 or less October 9, 859 [167]
 Turkey 7.8–8.0 Ms August 17, 1668 1668 North Anatolia earthquake
 Turkmenistan 8.2 Ms July 7, 1895 [168]
 Tuvalu 5.4 February 5, 1983 [169]
 Uganda 6.5 June 30, 1952 [170]
 Ukraine 6.7 September 11, 1927 1927 Crimean earthquakes
 United Arab Emirates 5.0 March 11, 2002 [171]
 United Kingdom 6.1 ML June 7, 1931 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake
 United States 9.2–9.3 March 27, 1964 1964 Alaska earthquake
 U.S. Virgin Islands 7.2 November 18, 1867 1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami
 Uruguay 5.5 Ms June 5, 1888 1888 Río de la Plata earthquake
 Uzbekistan 7.4 Ms October 21, 1907 1907 Qaratog earthquake
 Vanuatu 8.1 September 20, 1920 [172]
 Venezuela 7.6–7.7 April 29, 1894 & October 29, 1900 1894 Venezuelan earthquake[173] & 1900 San Narciso earthquake
 Vietnam 6.8 November 1, 1935 [174]
 Wallis and Futuna 7.6 May 23, 1956 [175]
 Yemen 6.7 December 18, 1908 [176]
 Zambia 6.5 May 1, 1919 [177]
 Zimbabwe 5.5 September 25, 1963 [178]

Costliest earthquakes

[edit]
Main article: List of costliest earthquakes

This is the top ten major earthquakes by the dollar value of property (public and private) losses directly attributable to the earthquake.

Rank Event Location Magnitude Property damage
1 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Japan Japan 9.1 $360 billion[179][180]
2 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake Japan Japan 6.9 $200 billion[181]
3 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes Turkey Syria Turkey
Syria 		7.8 $163.6 billion[182][183]
4 2008 Sichuan earthquake China China 7.9 $150 billion[184]
5 2011 Christchurch earthquake New Zealand New Zealand 6.3 $40 billion[185]
6 2004 Chūetsu earthquake Japan Japan 6.6 $28 billion[186][187]
7 2011 Sikkim earthquake India India 6.9 $22.3 billion[188]
8 1999 İzmit earthquake Turkey Turkey 7.6 $20 billion[186]
9 2009 L'Aquila earthquake Italy Italy 6.3 $16 billion[189]
10 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes Italy Italy 6.1 $15.8 billion[190]

Most studied earthquakes

[edit]

The 50 most studied earthquakes according to the International Seismological Centre (ISC), based on a count of scientific papers (mostly in English) that discuss that earthquake. The "Event #" is linked to the ISC Event Bibliography for that event.

Rank Event origin time ISC Event # Papers ISC code Event
1 2011-03-11 05:46:23 16461282 2069 TOHOKU2011 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
2 2008-05-12 06:28:00 13228121 1706 WENCHUAN2008 2008 Sichuan earthquake
3 2004-12-26 00:58:52 7453151 967 SUMATRA2004 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
4 1999-09-20 17:47:16 1718616 771 CHI-CHI1999 1999 Jiji earthquake
5 1995-01-16 20:46:51 124708 558 SHYOGO1995 Great Hanshin earthquake
6 2010-02-27 06:34:13 14340585 551 MAULE2010 2010 Chile earthquake
7 1994-01-17 12:30:54 189275 548 NORTHRIDGE1994 1994 Northridge earthquake
8 2009-04-06 01:32:42 13438018 525 LAQUILA2009 2009 L'Aquila earthquake
9 1989-10-18 00:04:14 389808 520 LOMAPRIETA1989 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
10 2015-04-25 06:11:26 607208674 516 GORKHA2015 April 2015 Nepal earthquake
11 1992-06-28 11:57:35 289086 440 LANDERS1992 1992 Landers earthquake
12 1999-08-17 00:01:38 1655218 428 IZMIT1999 1999 İzmit earthquake
13 2016-04-15 16:25:06 610289055 366 KUMAMOTO2016 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes
14 2013-04-20 00:02:47 607304721 342 ALASKA1964 2013 Lushan earthquake
15 1964-03-28 03:36:13 869809 333 LUSHAN2013 1964 Alaska earthquake
16 1960-05-22 19:11:20 879136 290 VALDIVIA1960 1960 Valdivia earthquake
17 2023-02-06 01:17:34 625613033 277 TURKYIE-SYRIA2023 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
18 2016-08-24 01:36:33 611462212 259 AMATRICE2016 August 2016 Central Italy earthquake
19 2010-09-03 16:35:46 15155483 257 DARFIELD2010 2010 Canterbury earthquake
20 2001-01-26 03:16:40 1763683 256 BHUJ2001 2001 Gujarat earthquake
21 1985-09-19 13:17:50 516095 253 MEXICOCITY1985 1985 Mexico City earthquake
22 2022-01-15 04:14:45 621831271 252 HUNGATONGAHUNGAAPAI2022 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami
23 2016-11-13 11:02:59 615035032 251 KAIKOURA2016 2016 Kaikōura earthquake
24 1971-02-09 14:00:40 787038 244 SANFERNANDO1971 1971 San Fernando earthquake
25 1976-07-27 19:42:53 711732 235 TANGSHAN1976 1976 Tangshan earthquake
26 2003-09-25 19:50:07 7134409 221 TOKACHI-OKI2003 2003 Tokachi earthquake
27 2019-07-06 03:19:55 616203758 221 RIDGECREST2019B 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes
28 1980-11-23 18:34:52 635924 212 IRPINIA1980 1980 Irpinia earthquake
29 2004-10-23 08:55:58 7421058 205 MID-NIIGATA2004 2004 Chūetsu earthquake
30 2012-05-20 02:03:53 601025379 205 EMILIA2012A 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes
31 2011-02-21 23:51:42 16168897 204 CHRISTCHURCH2011 2011 Christchurch earthquake
32 1976-05-06 20:00:12 713583 199 FRIULI1976 1976 Friuli earthquake
33 2005-03-28 16:09:35 7486110 197 NIAS2005 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake
34 2004-09-28 17:15:24 7406045 197 PARKFIELD2004 Parkfield earthquake
35 2023-02-06 10:24:50 625614289 195 TURKYIE-SYRIA2023A 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
36 2016-10-30 06:40:19 609624987 194 NORCIA2016 October 2016 Central Italy earthquakes
37 1923-09-01 02:58:35 911526 193 KANTO1923 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
34 1999-10-16 09:46:45 1643776 184 HECTOR-MINE1999 1999 Hector Mine earthquake
35 2005-10-08 03:50:37 7703077 181 KASHMIR2005 2005 Kashmir earthquake
38 2017-08-08 13:19:49 610874246 178 JUIZHAIGOU2017 2017 Jinghe earthquake
39 2001-11-14 09:26:12 2331800 176 KUNLUN2001 2001 Kunlun earthquake
40 2015-09-16 22:54:30 611531714 175 ILLAPEL2015 2015 Illapel earthquake
41 2014-04-01 23:46:47 610102185 167 IQUIQUE2014 2014 Iquique earthquake
42 2021-05-21 18:04:13 620437814 166 MADUO2021 2021 Maduo earthquake
43 1979-10-15 23:16:57 657282 165 IMPERIAL1979 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake
44 2002-11-03 22:12:41 6123395 164 DENALI2002 2002 Denali earthquake
45 1999-11-12 16:57:19 1650092 162 DUZCE1999 1999 Düzce earthquake
46 2010-04-04 22:40:43 600257057 158 EL-MAYOR-CUCAPAH2010 2010 Baja California earthquake
47 2019-07-04 17:33:50 616217956 158 RIDGECREST2019A 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes
48 2010-01-12 21:53:10 14226221 157 HAITI2010 2010 Haiti earthquake

Modified from figure 2, "The most studied events", at the ISC's Overview of the ISC Event Bibliography.

International Seismological Centre. Event Bibliography. Thatcham, United Kingdom. 2018.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
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  20. ^ 颤抖的地球—地震科学 Archived 13 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine (2005). Researched by China Earthquake Administration seismologists 冯万鹏,薑文亮,龚丽霞,公茂盛,胡进军; Revised by CEA seismologists 王文清,续春荣,张宝红; Edited by CEA chiefs 谢礼立,张景发. Tsinghua University Press. Pages XIII, 162. "1556年陕西华县8级大地震，死亡的83万人中, 据估计死于瘟疫者不下七八成" [Among the 830,000 died, it is estimated that no less than 70% or 80% died from plagues]
  21. ^ 邬福肇; 曹康泰; 陈章立, eds. (1998). "第三章 地震灾害预防". 中华人民共和国防震减灾法释义. 法律出版社. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023. １５５６年我国陕西的华县８级大地震，共死亡约８３万人，但实际上其中７０多万人死于其后的瘟疫和饥荒。
  22. ^ 高东旗; 王常有; 杜玉萍; 王晓燕 (2008). "大地震后传染病的防疫要点". 华北国防医药 (3). 1556年陕西发生大地震，当时死亡10万人，而第2年发生大瘟疫，却死亡70多万人 [100,000 died in 1556, while a plague struck the subsequent year and led to a further death of 700,000-odd.]
  23. ^ China Earthquake Administration, ed. (2008). 地震知识百问百答. 地震出版社. Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. 实则直接死于地震的只有十数万人，其余70余万人均死于瘟疫和饥荒 [Actually, direct deaths from earthquake amount to 100,000-odd, the remaining 700,000-odd died from plagues and famine]
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  38. ^ Wang, Zhen; Kato, Teruyuki; Zhou, Xin; Fukuda, Jun’ichi (November 28, 2016). "Source process with heterogeneous rupture velocity for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake based on 1-Hz GPS data". Earth, Planets and Space. 68 (1): 193. Bibcode:2016EP&S...68..193W. doi:10.1186/s40623-016-0572-4. ISSN 1880-5981.
  39. ^ ANSS. "M 8.6 - 1950 Assam-Tibet Earthquake 1950". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  40. ^ Carvajal, M.; Cisternas, M.; Catalán, P.A. (2017). "Source of the 1730 Chilean earthquake from historical records: Implications for the future tsunami hazard on the coast of Metropolitan Chile". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 122 (5): 3648–3660. Bibcode:2017JGRB..122.3648C. doi:10.1002/2017JB014063. S2CID 133806784.
  41. ^ a b Jin Junfang; Yin Shuyan; Yan Junping (2014). "Symmetry and tendency judgment of Ms ≥ 8.0 strong earthquakes in Chile". Geodesy and Geodynamics. 5 (1): 34–40. Bibcode:2014G&G.....5...34J. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1246.2014.01034.
  42. ^ "M 9.3Re-evaluation of Mw of the 1707 Hoei earthquake – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan" (PDF). AIST.
  43. ^ H. Ringer; J. P. Whitehead; J. Krometis; R. A. Harris; N. Glatt-Holtz; S. Giddens; C. Ashcraft; G. Carver; A. Robertson; M. Harward; J. Fullwood; K. Lightheart; R. Hilton; A. Avery; C. Kesler; M. Morrise; M. H. Klein (2021). "Methodological Reconstruction of Historical Seismic Events From Anecdotal Accounts of Destructive Tsunamis: A Case Study for the Great 1852 Banda Arc Mega-Thrust Earthquake and Tsunami" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 126 (4). arXiv:2009.14272. Bibcode:2021JGRB..12621107R. doi:10.1029/2020JB021107. S2CID 222066748. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  44. ^ "Significant Earthquake Information CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE". NGCD. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  45. ^ NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database. "Significant Earthquake Information PORTUGAL: LISBON". ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  46. ^ Hough S.E. (2013). "Missing great earthquakes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 118 (3): 1098–1108. Bibcode:2013JGRB..118.1098H. doi:10.1002/jgrb.50083. S2CID 128458643.
  47. ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – southern Qinghai, China 1937". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  48. ^ ANSS. "M 8.1 – 68 km SSW of Gorontalo, Indonesia 1939". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  49. ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 – 138 km SW of Insrom, Indonesia 1947". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  50. ^ ANSS. "M 7.9 – off the east coast of Honshu, Japan 1953". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  51. ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – Strait of Gibraltar 1954". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  52. ^ ANSS. "M 7.5 – Kermadec Islands region 1955". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  53. ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 – Peru-Brazil border region 1961". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  54. ^ ANSS. "M 7.5 – Fiji region 1962". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  55. ^ ANSS. "M 8.2 – Kuril Islands 1969". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  56. ^ ANSS. "M 8.0 – Mindanao, Philippines 1972". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  57. ^ ANSS. "M 7.9 – 199 km S of Lata, Solomon Islands 1980". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  58. ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 - off the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand 1981". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  59. ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 – 157 km ESE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 1983". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  60. ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 – 85 km SE of Honiara, Solomon Islands 1984". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  61. ^ ANSS. "M 8.0 – 85 km SSW of Atka, Alaska 1986". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  62. ^ ANSS. "M 7.9 – 200km WSW of Yakutat, Alaska 1987". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  63. ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 - Gulf of Alaska 1988". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  64. ^ ANSS. "M 8.0, Macquarie Island region 1989". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  65. ^ ANSS. "1997 M 7.8 - 156 km S of Ust'-Kamchatsk Staryy, Russia". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  66. ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – 71 km SSW of Jurm, Afghanistan 1909". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  67. ^ ANSS. "M 6.7 - 7 km WNW of Lukovo, North Macedonia 1967". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  68. ^ ANSS. "M 6.4 – 188 km SW of Vailoatai, American Samoa 1944". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  69. ^ ANSS. "M 6.0 – 67 km N of Sumbe, Angola 1914". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  70. ^ ANSS. "M 6.3 – 121 km NNW of The Valley, Anguilla 1906". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  71. ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  72. ^ ANSS. "M 8.0 - Macquarie Island region 1989". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  73. ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 171 km NNE of Greenland, Barbados 2014". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  74. ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 128 km NE of Bathsheba, Barbados 2015". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  75. ^ ANSS. "M 4.7 – 55 km ESE of Dangriga, Belize 1985". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  76. ^ ANSS. "M 4.4 – 13 km NNE of Abomey-Calavi, Benin 2009". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  77. ^ Simon, RE; Kwadiba, MTO; King, JG; Moidaki, M (2012). "A History of Botswana's Seismic Network". Botswana Notes and Records. 44: 184–192. JSTOR 43855570.
  78. ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 - 132 km SW of Tarauacá, Brazil 1963". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  79. ^ ANSS. "M 5.2 – 68 km N of Tutong, Brunei 1992". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  80. ^ ANSS. "M 5.4 – 20 km S of Gitega, Burundi 1966". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  81. ^ ANSS. "M 5.9 – 93 km NW of Ouésso, Republic of the Congo 1945". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  82. ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 267 km NNW of Ponta do Sol, Cabo Verde 1941". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  83. ^ ANSS. "M 5.2 – 64 km N of Coro, Venezuela 2017". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  84. ^ ANSS. "M 4.9 - 55 km N of Zemio, Central African Republic 1994". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  85. ^ ANSS. "M 7.9 – South Indian Ocean 2000". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  86. ^ ANSS. "M 6.2 – 1 km NNE of Vanadjou, Comoros 1918". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  87. ^ ANSS. "M 5.2 – 116 km SW of Impfondo, Republic of the Congo 1998". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  88. ^ ANSS. "M 7.1 – 84 km SW of Niquero, Cuba 1917". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  89. ^ ANSS. "M 4.8 – 0 km NW of Skalná, Czechia 1985". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  90. ^ ANSS. "M 6.9 – 39 km WSW of Karema, Tanzania 1910". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  91. ^ ANSS. "M 4.4 - 47 km WNW of Thyborøn, Denmark 2010". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  92. ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 - 12 km ENE of Gâlâfi, Djibouti 1989". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  93. ^ ANSS. "M 6.4 – 18 km SSE of Berekua, Dominica iscgem881160". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  94. ^ ANSS. "M 7.2 – 58 km ENE of Lospalos, Timor Leste 1905". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  95. ^ White, R. A.; Ligorria, J. P.; Cifuentes, I. L. (2004). "Seismic history of the Middle America subduction zone along El Salvador, Guatemala, and Chiapas, Mexico: 1526–2000". Natural Hazards in El Salvador. Geological Society of America. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-8137-2375-4.
  96. ^ ANSS. "M 4.9 - 8 km NNW of Malabo, Equatorial Guinea 1999". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  97. ^ ANSS. "M 6.6 – 144 km NE of Massawa, Eritrea 1977". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  98. ^ ANSS. "M 4.4 – 16 km ENE of Sidvokodvo, Eswatini 1987". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  99. ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 8 km E of Goba, Ethiopia 1906". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  100. ^ "Largest earthquake in Finland". Sodankylän Geofysiikan Observatorio, Oulun Toimintayksikkö (University of Oulu). Archived from the original on May 28, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
  101. ^ Marcelo Assumpção, Alberto V. Veloso (2020). "The 1885 M 6.9 Earthquake in the French Guiana–Brazil Border: The Largest Midplate Event in the Nineteenth Century in South America". Seismological Research Letters. 91 (5): 2497–2510. Bibcode:2020SeiRL..91.2497A. doi:10.1785/0220190325. S2CID 219502957.
  102. ^ ANSS. "M 5.6 – South Pacific Ocean 1965". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  103. ^ ANSS. "M 6.2 - 64 km NNE of Lastoursville, Gabon 1974". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  104. ^ ANSS. "M 6.4 – 8 km ENE of Swedru, Ghana 1939". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  105. ^ "NCEI Significant Earthquake Information". ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
  106. ^ ANSS. "M 5.5 – 82 km SSE of Lethem, Guyana 2021". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  107. ^ ANSS. "M 3.8 – 14 km SW of Tai O, Hong Kong 2020". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  108. ^ ANSS. "M 7.0 – 79 km N of Norðurþing, Iceland 1910". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  109. ^ Onur, T.; Gok, R.; Abdulnaby, W.; Mahdi, H.; Numan, N.M.; Al-Shukri, H.; Shakir, A.; Chlaib, H.; Ameen, T.H.; Abd, N. (2016). "A Comprehensive Earthquake Catalogue for Iraq in Terms of Moment Magnitude". Seismological Research Letters. 88 (3): 798–811. doi:10.1785/0220160078. OSTI 1466119.
  110. ^ ANSS. "M 4.0 - 60 km W of Belmullet, Ireland 2012". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  111. ^ ANSS. "M 5.4 – 18 km E of Saint Helier, Jersey 1926". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  112. ^ ANSS. "M 6.7 – 33 km WNW of Nyahururu, Kenya 1928". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  113. ^ ANSS. "M 5.9 – Gilbert Islands, Kiribati region 1982". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  114. ^ "Të gjitha tërmetet që kanë ndodhur në territorin e Kosovës" [All earthquakes that have occurred in the territory of Kosovo] (in Albanian). September 24, 2019.
  115. ^ ANSS. "M 4.7 – 44 km S of Al Jahra, Kuwait 1993". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  116. ^ ANSS. "M 4.7 – 38 km NW of Al Wafrah, Kuwait 2020". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  117. ^ ANSS. "M 6.7 – 41 km S of Luang Namtha, Laos 1925". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  118. ^ ANSS. "M 4.5 – 16 km SW of Tubmanburg, Liberia 1995". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  119. ^ ANSS. "M 6.8 – near the coast of Libya 1935". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  120. ^ ANSS. "M 3.6 – 1 km SSW of Balzers, Liechtenstein 2013". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  121. ^ ANSS. "M 2.9 – 2 km E of Wilwerwiltz, Luxembourg 1986". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  122. ^ ANSS. "M 6.2 – 283 km WSW of Anakao, Madagascar 1919". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  123. ^ ANSS. "M 6.6 – 26 km NNW of Lahad Datu, Malaysia 1923". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  124. ^ ANSS. "M 7.4 – 212 km E of Fuvahmulah, Maldives 1944". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  125. ^ ANSS. "M 4.2 – 75 km NW of Kolokani, Mali 1999". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  126. ^ ANSS. "M 5.5 – 109 km SE of Birżebbuġa, Malta 2023". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  127. ^ ANSS. "M 5.6 – Marshall Islands region 1982". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  128. ^ ANSS. "M 4.6 – Mauritania 1993". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  129. ^ ANSS. "M 4.6 – 76 km E of Zouerate, Mauritania 2012". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  130. ^ ANSS. "M 6.1 – 279 km NE of Port Mathurin, Mauritius 1976". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  131. ^ ANSS. "M 5.9 – 32 km E of Pamandzi, Mayotte 2018". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  132. ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – State of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia 1911". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  133. ^ ANSS. "M 3.9 – 12 km S of Ocnița, Moldova 1988". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  134. ^ ANSS. "M 6.3 – Ligurian Sea 1963". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  135. ^ ANSS. "M 5.4 – 68 km NNW of Khorixas, Namibia 2021". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  136. ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  137. ^ ANSS. "M 8.2 – Kermadec Islands region 1917". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  138. ^ ANSS. "M 4.6 – 259 km WNW of Bilma, Niger 2017". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  139. ^ ANSS. "M 4.5 – 34 km S of Siluko, Nigeria 2000". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  140. ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 61 km SSE of Ungsang-nodongjagu, North Korea 1973". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  141. ^ ANSS. "M 6.7 – 3 km SW of Kuklis, North Macedonia 1931". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  142. ^ ANSS. "M 7.7 – Mariana Islands region 1940". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  143. ^ ANSS. "M 7.7 – Pagan region, Northern Mariana Islands 2016". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  144. ^ ANSS. "M 6.8 – 89 km NW of Olonkinbyen, Svalbard and Jan Mayen 2012". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  145. ^ ANSS. "M 5.7 – 291 km ESE of Sur, Oman 1966". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  146. ^ ANSS. "M 6.4 – 121 km ESE of Kayangel, Palau 1982". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  147. ^ ANSS. "M 8.2 – 183 km ESE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 1919". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  148. ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 86 km E of General Enrique Mosconi, Argentina 1989". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  149. ^ Wiejacz, Paweł; Debski, Wojciech (2009). "Podhale, Poland, earthquake of November 30, 2004". Acta Geophysica. 57 (2): 346–366. Bibcode:2009AcGeo..57..346W. doi:10.2478/s11600-009-0007-8. S2CID 128410108.
  150. ^ ANSS. "M 5.3 - 15 km WSW of Sainte-Rose, Reunion 2007". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  151. ^ ANSS. "M 5.4 – 26 km NE of Upper Hell's Gate; Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba 1990". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  152. ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 18 km SE of Market Shop; Saint Kitts and Nevis 1985". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  153. ^ ANSS. "M 7.3 - 18 km WSW of Soufrière, Saint Lucia 1953". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  154. ^ ANSS. "M 5.0 – 13 km ESE of Blowing Point Village, Anguilla 2012". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  155. ^ ANSS. "M 6.1 – 13 km W of Barrouallie; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1940". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  156. ^ ANSS. "M 5.5 – 87km ENE of Santo Antonio; Sao Tome and Principe 2019". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  157. ^ ANSS. "M 5.5 – 289 km W of Mermoz Boabab, Senegal 1986". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  158. ^ ANSS. "M 6.0 – 8 km WNW of Kragujevac, Serbia 1927". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  159. ^ ANSS. "M 5.2 – South Indian Ocean 1995". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  160. ^ ANSS. "M 6.0 – northwestern Somalia 1929". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  161. ^ ANSS. "M 6.8 – 118 km ESE of Richards Bay, South Africa 1932". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  162. ^ ANSS. "M 7.8 – Strait of Gibraltar 1954". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  163. ^ ANSS. "M 5.9 – 275 km E of Kalmunai, Sri Lanka 1973". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  164. ^ ANSS. "M 6.0 – 70 km SSW of Tokar, Sudan 1938". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  165. ^ ANSS. "M 7.0 – 17 km SSW of Sumbawanga, Tanzania 1919". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  166. ^ National Geophysical Data Center (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
  167. ^ Kázmér, Miklós (May 19, 2020). "Repeated historical earthquakes in Sousse, Monastir and El-Jem (Tunisia)—an archaeoseismological study" (PDF). Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 14 (3): 214. doi:10.1007/s12517-020-06372-w. S2CID 231738302. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
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  169. ^ ANSS. "M 5.8 – 290 km N of Kulia Village, Tuvalu 1983". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  170. ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 53 km N of Rukungiri, Uganda 1952". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  171. ^ ANSS. "M 5.0 – 14 km NW of Reef Al Fujairah City, United Arab Emirates 2002". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  172. ^ ANSS. "M 8.1 – 97 km WSW of Isangel, Vanuatu 1920". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  173. ^ Salcedo-Hurtado, Elkin de J.; Audemard, Franck A.; García-Millán, Nathalie (2021). "Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales" [Focal parameters of the April 28, 1894 earthquake in the Venezuelan Andes using macrosismic data]. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (in Spanish). 45 (175): 591–606. doi:10.18257/raccefyn.1195. ISSN 0370-3908.
  174. ^ ANSS. "M 6.8 – 27 km SE of Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam 1935". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  175. ^ ANSS. "M 7.6 - 144 km SSW of Leava, Wallis and Futuna 1956". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  176. ^ ANSS. "M 6.7 – 170 km E of Hadibu, Yemen 1908". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  177. ^ ANSS. "M 6.5 – 12 km WNW of Chama, Zambia 1919". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  178. ^ ANSS. "M 5.5 – 38 km SW of Siavonga, Zambia 1963". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
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