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National Liberation Front of Corsica

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For the human gene, see FLNC (gene).

National Liberation Front of Corsica
Fronte di liberazione naziunale di a Corsica
Front de libération nationale corse
Dates of operation4 May 1976 – active
Active regionsCorsica, France
French mainland
IdeologyCorsican nationalism
Anti-French sentiment
Environmentalism
Secessionism
Factions:
Left-wing nationalism
Right-wing nationalism
SloganÀ populu fattu, bisogna à marchja (to people done, it is needed to march)
Allies
Opponents
Battles and warsCorsican conflict
Preceded by
Fronte Paesanu Corsu per a Liberazione (FPCL), Ghjustizia Paolina

The National Liberation Front of Corsica (Corsican: Fronte di liberazione naziunale di a Corsica or Fronte di liberazione naziunale corsu; French: Front de libération nationale corse, abbreviated FLNC) is a politico-military organization founded in 1976 that advocates an independent state on the island of Corsica, separated from France.[3] The FLNC has been one united organization from 1976 to 1990. In 1990, it split into two factions of comparable size : FLNC-Canal Habituel (whose political party is MPA) and FLNC-Canal Historique (whose political party is a Cuncolta Naziunalista). Both factions had war between each other and a few dozens nationalists died between 1993 and 1996. Then, there were new merging processes and new splits.[4][5] In the 2020s, there are still two active and serious FLNCs : the FLNC-Union des Combattants and the FLNC du 22 Octobre. They both signed statements together to revendicate armed actions and to give strategical instructions to the Corsican nationalists. The political party Nazione was founded in 2024 with the support of the FLNC. It is led by Petr'Antu Tomasi, Ghjuvan-Guidu Talamoni and Josepha Giacometti-Piredda, with the participation of the former FLNC political prisoner during 24 years, Carlu Santoni.[6][7] The FLNC has been active in Corsica but also in French mainland (bombings against the city house of Bordeaux, oil infrastructures in Marseille or in Île de France, shootings on the Iranian embassy in Paris).[8]

Typical militant acts by the FLNC were bombings aimed at public buildings, banks, tourist infrastructure, military buildings and other perceived French symbols, in addition to aggravated assault against civilians, armed bank robbery, and extortion against private enterprises through so-called "revolutionary taxes".[9] The attacks were usually performed against buildings and the island's infrastructures, but it was also not uncommon for the FLNC to have individual people as targets, such as Pierre-Jean Massimi or le Docteur Lafay.

A road sign near Bastìa with the non-Corsican place names defaced, signed by the National Liberation Front of Corsica (FLNC)
FLNC fighters

Ideology

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The FLNC is based on the idea that Corsica is a nation which was a sovereign nation-state: the Corsican Republic from 1755 to 1769, the first constitutional democratic republic in the history of humanity guaranteeing universal suffrage and the right to vote for women (at least for certain women, considered heads of household, particularly widows or single women)[10] and this 200 years before France which was then an absolute monarchy by divine right. Pasquale Paoli's legacy on the FLNC is very significant, particularly through the name Ghjustizia Paolina.

The defense of the Corsican language, traditions, the re-opening of the University of Corte closed in 1769 by the French army and re-opened in 1982 following the demands of the FLNC, the fight against the concreting of the coast, against second homes, against "settlement colonization" (massive installation of continental French), the organization of a referendum on self-determination, the departure of the French army from Corsica (and in particular the dismantling of the NATO military base in Solenzara as well as the legionnaire regiment of Calvi) are central demands of the FLNC.

Environmentalism and defense of the land (incorporating a form of agrarianism or peasant socialism and the protection of grazing lands, mountains, forests, and marshes) have always been very important in the ideology of the FLNC, particularly in connection with the popular struggles of the 1970s against the pollution of red mud and the allocation of remediated lands of the Aléria plain (originally subject to malaria and now the only land on the island suitable for intensive agriculture) to pied-noir farmers rather than Corsicans.

With the dissolution of the Canal Habituel and the formation of the FLNC-Union des Combattants (FLNC-UC), led by Charles Pieri, the FLNC returned to a hardline independence line of protest against French colonialism as well as the monopoly economy, launching for example a campaign against supermarkets in the late 2000s (without adopting an explicitly Marxist discourse, but declaring itself to be "in line with the social and union struggles of our people in the face of the multiple relays of French colonialism in Corsica"). The FLNC of 22 October, which announced in a press release of 21 March 2023 that it would now operate in concert with the Union of Combatants, claimed in the 2000s to embody an even more radical independence line than the FLNC-UC.

At the international level, the FLNC supports the causes of Irish and Basque nationalists and supports the Palestinian national movement.[11]

History

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Foundation and objectives

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The FLNC was created from a merger of Ghjustizia Paolina and the Fronte Paesanu Corsu di Liberazione, the two largest Corsican armed organizations. It was an offshoot of the political party A Cuncolta Independentista which had members in the Corsican Assembly and some support among the locals.

The FLNC carried out its first attacks on the night of 4 May 1976 with 21 bombs exploding in Ajaccio, Bastia, Sartène, Porto-Vecchio and other Corsican towns.[12] The majority of the targets were public buildings and offices of civil servants. On 5 May the FLNC formally announced its existence when it issued a bilingual manifesto which also claimed responsibility for the previous night's attacks.

The manifesto contained six demands:[13]

  • The recognition of the national rights of the Corsican people.
  • The removal of all instruments of French colonialism – including the French Army and colonists.
  • The setting up of a popular democratic government which would express the will and the needs of the Corsican people.
  • The confiscation of "colonial" estates.
  • Agrarian reform to fulfill the aspirations of farmers, workers and intellectuals and rid the country of all forms of exploitation.
  • The right to self-determination of the Corsican people.

2014 to present

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In 2014,[14] the FLNC-Union of Combattants (FLNC-Unione di Cumbattenti, FLNC-UC), the largest successor to the original FLNC at that time, announced the cessation of its armed struggle. This was followed by the FLNC of 22 October (FLNC 22 di Uttrovi, FLNC-22U) in 2016.[15] Nevertheless, a number of minor splinter groups have so far emerged and are still active.[16][17][18] The FLNC-22U warned in 2016 that any attacks on Corsica by ISIL will be met with swift retaliation.[19]

On 2 March 2022, Yvan Colonna, a member of the FLNC that was arrested for his role in the 1998 assassination of Claude Érignac, was put in a coma in prison after being assaulted by an Islamic Cameroonian-born inmate for "disrespecting Muhammad."[20] Colonna would die of his wounds on March 21, 2022, resulting in rioting and unrest across the island.[20] The French interior ministry then floated the idea of political autonomy to Corsica to defuse the situation, with the FLNC-22U and FLNC-UC announcing they would jointly resume their armed campaign if said autonomy is not granted.[20]

In October 2023 explosions rocked secondary residences and under-construction villas across Corsica, with pro-FLNC slogans being spray-painted nearby.[21]

Armed campaign

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See also: Corsican conflict

Notes

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  1. ^ The Corsican Time-Bomb, p. 141, Robert Ramsay, UK: Manchester University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-7190-0893-X
  2. ^ "Corsican nationalists warn jihadists of tough response". BBC News. 28 July 2016.
  3. ^ Jean-Pierre Santini, "FLNC : de l'ombre à la lumière, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2000"
  4. ^ Pantaléon Alessandri, "Indépendantiste Corse", Calmann-Levy, Paris, 2002"
  5. ^ Deviens Qui Tu Es (21 July 2020). Génération FLNC : les années de plomb. Retrieved 16 October 2024 – via YouTube.
  6. ^ "Petru-Antone Tomasi : "Le FLNC a la légitimité pour intervenir dans le débat" - France Bleu". ici par France Bleu et France 3 (in French). 5 August 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  7. ^ irrintzi films (17 July 2024). TEASSER - RESISTENZA - CORSICA. Retrieved 16 October 2024 – via YouTube.
  8. ^ Alain Orsoni, "Le maquis ardent", Gawsewitch Jean-Claude, Paris, 2011"
  9. ^ Glen109 (4 September 2021). Génération FLNC - 1ère partie - Les années romantiques. Retrieved 16 October 2024 – via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "1755, la Constitution corse accordait déjà le droit de vote aux femmes". France 3 Corse ViaStella (in French). 21 April 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  11. ^ Marion Galland (26 January 2024). "Le FLNC sort du silence : " L'autonomie évoquée ne sera pas en mesure de préserver le peuple corse "". Francebleu.fr.
  12. ^ Ramsay, p. 118
  13. ^ Ramsay pp. 118–119
  14. ^ "Corsican separatists to end military campaign". 25 June 2014.
  15. ^ "Corse: le FLNC dépose les armes". 3 May 2016.
  16. ^ http://www.corsematin.com/ta/vescovato/205162/corse-deux-membres-d-un-flnc-unifie-revendiquent-l-attentat Archived 3 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Two members of a unified FLNC claimed the attack, Corse Matin, 10 August 2009
  17. ^ "Un nouveau groupe clandestin revendique des attentats en Corse". 23 June 2017.
  18. ^ "Un groupe clandestin revendique la série d'attentats en Corse". 23 June 2017.
  19. ^ "Corsican nationalists warn jihadists of tough response - BBC News". BBC News. 28 July 2016.
  20. ^ a b c Willsher, Kim. "Macron calls for calm after death of jailed Corsican nationalist". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  21. ^ "France: the Liberation Front claims responsibility for the explosions against some buildings in Corsica". Agenzia Nova. 9 October 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2024.

References

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