Aphaia

Aphaia (Greek: Ἀφαία, Aphaía) was a Greek goddess who was worshipped almost exclusively at a single sanctuary on the island of Aegina in the Saronic Gulf.

Cult and worship

She originated as early as the 14th century BCE as a local deity associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle.^[1] Under the later Athenian hegemony she came to be identified with the goddesses Athena and Artemis and with the nymph Britomartis as well, by the 2nd century CE, the time of Pausanias:

On Aegina as one goes toward the mountain of Zeus, god of all the Hellenes, the sanctuary of Aphaia comes up, for whom Pindar composed an ode at the behest of the Aeginetans. The Cretans say (the myths about her are native to Crete) that Euboulos was the son of Kharmanor, who purified Apollo of the killing of the Python, and they say that Britomartis was the daughter of Zeus and Kharme (the daughter of this Euboulos). She enjoyed races and hunts and was particularly dear to Artemis. While fleeing from Minos, who lusted after her, she cast herself into nets cast for a catch of fish. Artemis made her a goddess, and not only the Cretans but also the Aeginetans revere her. The Aeginetans say that Britomartis showed herself to them on their island. Her epithet among the Aeginetans is Aphaia, and it is Diktynna of the Nets on Crete. Description of Greece 2.30.3

The remains of the Late Archaic period Temple of Aphaia are located within a sanctuary complex on a 160 meter peak at the northeastern end of the island: 37°45'14.82"N, 23°32'0.24"E. The extant temple was built at around 500 BCE on the site of an earlier temple that had burned around 510 BCE.^{[citation needed]}

An inscribed potsherd of the 5th century BCE found in the precinct of the Temple of Apollo at Bassae in Arcadia is inscribed with what may be a dedication to Aphaia. If so, it would be the first known inscribed dedication to this goddess outside Aegina.^[2]

Notes

^ Pilafidis-Williams argues that the character and relative proportions of the finds leads to the conclusion that the deity worshiped was a female fertility/agricultural goddess and dates her cult to the 14th century BCE. The cult certainly was in operation in the 7th century BCE.
^ Cooper accepts the identification with Aphaia, although the inscription simply reads ΑΦΑΙ, and he draws out certain parallels between the two sanctuaries.

References

Bankel, Hansgeorg. 1993. Der spätarchaische Tempel der Aphaia auf Aegina. Denkmäler antiker Architektur 19. Berlin; New York: W. de Gruyter.
Cartledge, Paul, Ed. 2002. The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece, Cambridge University Press, p. 273.
Cook, R. M. 1974. "The Dating of the Aegina Pediments." Journal of Hellenic Studies 94 pp. 171.
Cooper, Frederick A. 1996. The Temple of Apollo Bassitas: The architecture. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, pp. 63-64.
Diebold, William J. 1995. "The Politics of Derestoration: The Aegina Pediments and the German Confrontation with the Past" Art Journal, 54.2 pp. 60–66.
Furtwängler, Adolf, Ernst R. Fiechter and Hermann Thiersch. 1906. Aegina, das Heiligthum der Aphaia. Munich: Verlag der K. B. Akademie der wissenschaften in Kommission des G. Franz’schen Verlags (J. Roth).
Furtwängler, Adolf. 1906. Die Aegineten der Glyptothek König Ludwigs I, nach den Resultaten der neuen Bayerischen Ausgrabung. Munich: Glyptothek: in Kommission bei A. Buchholz.
Glancey, Jonathan. 2006. Architecture, Doring Kindersley, Ltd., p. 96.
Invernizzi, Antonio. 1965. I frontoni del Tempio di Aphaia ad Egina. Turin: Giappichelli.
Ohly, Dieter. 1977. Tempel und Heiligtum der Aphaia auf Ägina. Munich: Beck.
Pilafidis-Williams, Korinna. 1987. The Sanctuary of Aphaia on Aigina in the Bronze Age. Munich: Hirmer Verlag.
Schildt, Arthur. 1895. Die Giebelgruppen von Aegina. Leipzig : [H. Meyer].
Schwandner, Ernst-Ludwig. 1985. Der ältere Porostempel der Aphaia auf Aegina. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
Webster, T. B. L. 1931. "The Temple of Aphaia at Aegina." Journal of Hellenic Studies 51.2 pp. 179–183.

External links

Pedimental Sculpture
Temple of Aphaia Photographs
(Hellenic Ministry of Culture) Archaeological site of Aphaia on Aigina
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aegina" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Ferdinand Pajor, "Cockerell and the 'Grand Tour'"
Perseus website: "Aegina, Temple of Aphaia" Extensive photo repertory.
Adolf Furtwängler on the temple's polychromy, 1906

[1] Pilafidis-Williams argues that the character and relative proportions of the finds leads to the conclusion that the deity worshiped was a female fertility/agricultural goddess and dates her cult to the 14th century BCE. The cult certainly was in operation in the 7th century BCE.

[2] Cooper accepts the identification with Aphaia, although the inscription simply reads ΑΦΑΙ, and he draws out certain parallels between the two sanctuaries.

[1]

[2]