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Kinnikuman

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Kinnikuman
Fifth tankōbon volume cover, featuring Suguru Kinniku (right) and Meat Alexandria (left)
キン肉マン
Genre
Manga
Written byYudetamago
Published byShueisha
ImprintJump Comics
Magazine
  • Weekly Shōnen Jump
  • (1979–1987)
  • Shū Play News
  • (2011–present)
DemographicShōnen, seinen
Original runInitial run
May 28, 1979 – May 4, 1987
Continued run
November 28, 2011 – present
Volumes86 (List of volumes)
Further information
Manga
Tatakae!! Ramenman
Written byYudetamago
Published byShueisha
MagazineFresh Jump
DemographicShōnen
Original run1982 – 1988
Volumes12
Anime television series
Kinnikuman[note 1]
Directed by
  • Yasuo Yamayoshi (#1–65)
  • Takenori Kawada (#67–137)
  • Atsutoshi Umezawa (#138–183)
Written by
Music by
  • Shinsuke Kazato[note 2]
  • (#1–137)
  • Akihiko Yoshida (#138–183)
StudioToei Animation
Original networkNNS (NTV)
Original run April 3, 1983 – September 27, 1992
Episodes183 (331 segments) (List of episodes)
Anime television series
Tatakae!! Ramenman
Directed byMasayuki Akehi
Produced byMasahisa Saeki
Music byKeiichi Oku
StudioToei Animation
Original networkNNS (NTV)
Original run January 10, 1988 – September 11, 1988
Episodes35
Anime film
Tatakae!! Ramenman
Directed byMasayuki Akehi
Music byKeiichi Oku
StudioToei Animation
ReleasedJuly 9, 1988
Runtime25 minutes
Manga
Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy
Written byYudetamago
Published byShueisha
English publisher
MagazineWeekly Playboy
DemographicSeinen
Original runApril 1998 – April 2004
Volumes29
Manga
Kinnikuman II Sei: All Chōjin Dai-Shingeki
Written byYudetamago
Published byShueisha
MagazineV Jump
DemographicShōnen
Original runMay 21, 2001 – March 20, 2007
Volumes4
Anime television series
Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy[note 3]
Directed byToshiaki Komura
StudioToei Animation
Licensed by
Original networkTXN (TV Tokyo)
English network
Original run January 9, 2002 – March 30, 2006
Episodes77 (List of episodes)
Manga
Kinnikuman II Sei: Kyūkyoku no Chōjin Tag-hen
Written byYudetamago
Published byShueisha
MagazineWeekly Playboy
DemographicSeinen
Original run2004 – 2011
Volumes28
Manga
Kinnikuman Lady
Written byMasashi Ogawa
Published byShueisha
Magazine
DemographicSeinen
Original runJune 2008 – June 19, 2013
Volumes3
Anime television series
Kinnikuman: Perfect Origin Arc
Directed byAkira Sato
Written byMakoto Fukami
Music byYasuharu Takanashi
StudioProduction I.G
Licensed byNetflix[3]
Original networkJNN (CBC, TBS (Agaru Anime))
Original run July 7, 2024 – present
Episodes12
Related media

Kinnikuman (キン肉マン, lit. transl. "Muscle Man"[4]) is a Japanese manga series created by the duo Yoshinori Nakai and Takashi Shimada, known as Yudetamago. It follows Suguru Kinniku, a superhero who must win a wrestling tournament to retain the title of prince of Planet Kinniku. Nakai and Takashi planned the series when they were attending high school originally as a parody to Ultraman.

The manga was originally published in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1979 to 1987, and was first adapted by Toei Animation into a 137-episode anime series broadcast on Nippon Television from 1983 to 1986. It restarted publication in 2011 in Shueisha's web magazine Shū Play News, and has spawned spin-off manga and anime series, video games, anime films, and several Kinnikuman-related merchandise.

There is also a sequel, the Kinnikuman: The 2nd Generation (キン肉マンII世, Kinnikuman II Sei, known as Ultimate Muscle outside Japan) manga that was serialized in Weekly Playboy between 1998 and 2004. It was published in North America by Viz Media under the title of Ultimate Muscle. It was also adapted into three different television series, all of which were broadcast on TV Tokyo in Japan and released in North America by 4Kids Entertainment.

Kinnikuman is one of the best-selling manga series in Japan, selling over 77 million copies by 2021. As popular as was the anime series and its merchandise, such as Kinkeshi, a line of action figures released as M.U.S.C.L.E. in North America. It received the Shogakukan Manga Award for children's manga[note 4] in 1984.

A new anime television series adaptation produced by Production I.G, based on the 2011 revival manga and celebrating the 40th anniversary of the original anime television series, aired from July to September 2024 on CBC and TBS' programming block Agaru Anime [ja], and is to be streamed worldwide on Netflix. A second season is set to premiere on the same programming block in January 2025.

Plot

[edit]

Kinnikuman

[edit]
See also: List of Kinnikuman characters

The story involves Kinnikuman (real name Suguru Kinniku), a clumsy, foolish, comical superhero who discovers that he is the missing prince of the planet Kinniku (known for producing the greatest superheroes in the universe). Since he is a clumsy fool, however, he must prove himself worthy of the throne. To do so he enters wrestling competitions and battles evil Chojin, culminating in a tournament between Kinnikuman and five pretenders to the throne: Kinnikuman Big Body, Soldier, Zebra, Mariposa and Super Phoenix. Many of Kinnikuman's allies begin as villains (Ramenman, Buffalo Man, Ashuraman and Warsman) or arrogant heroes (Terryman, Robin Mask and Wolfman). The heroes and villains are collectively known as Chojin[Jp 1], which literally means "supermen".

Ultimate Muscle

[edit]
See also: List of Ultimate Muscle characters

Mantaro Muscle (also known as Kid Muscle, Mantaro Kinniku in the Japanese version) is the spoiled son of superhero wrestler King Muscle (Kinnikuman in the Japanese version). After 28 years of peace, the Seigi Choujins' (Muscle League) old enemies regroup and form the Demon Manufacturing Plant (dMp, known in the English version as Destruction, Mayhem and Pain). The Muscle League has lost its edge and are overwhelmed by the young, well-trained fighters. Recognizing their weakness, the Seigi Chojin reopen the Hercules Factory (a school for superheroes) and begin training a new generation of heroes to take on the dMp. At first unwilling, Mantaro (Kid Muscle) is one of the young heroes and defeats his father to prove his readiness to graduate. He and the other new Seigi Choujin defeat several members of the dMp and meet Kevin Mask, who quits dMp when he discovers their lack of honor. They also battle Sunshine and his pupils, who destroy the dMp after developing a renewed respect for the fighting spirit of the Seigi Choujins. The manga continues with the New Generation Replacement Tournament, Mantaro's challenge to master his inherited potential (Kajiba no Kuso Chikara, "burning inner strength" or "the fire"), the return of the Chojin Olympics, a fight with the Demon Seed (a villainous group), a backstory for Robin Mask and a tag-team tournament set in the past. Although the manga begins as a fairly lighthearted, humorous (albeit violent) story, later arcs (the No Respect and Demon Seed storylines in particular) have a darker tone and frequently deal with psychological trauma.

Media

[edit]

Manga

[edit]
Main article: List of Kinnikuman chapters

Yoshinori Nakai and Takashi Shimada (collectively known as "Yudetamago"), friends since fourth grade,[1] decided to create a manga series in high school.[2] Before its regular publication, the series (originally a parody of Ultraman)[1] was released as two one-shots in Shueisha's magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump in December 1978 and March 1979: Okamarasu no Maki,[Jp 2] which won the Akatsuka Award, and Eraginesu no Maki.[Jp 3][5] Kinnikuman was serliazed in the same magazine from the May 28, 1979, to the May 4, 1987 issues.[6][5] Shueisha collected its 387 chapters[7] into 36 tankōbon, releasing them from February 15, 1980, to April 15, 1988.[8][9]

The first 36 volumes were re-published as part of the Jump Comics Selection line in 26 volumes from July 19, 1994, to August 26, 1996,[10][11] as part of the Jump Comics Deluxe line in 18 aizōban volumes from January 14 to November 18, 1999,[12][13] and on June 6, 2013, all 36 were published in shinsōban format.[14][15]

A one-shot, Muscle Returns[Jp 4], was published in Kadokawa Shoten's Kakutō Ace in January 1996.[5] Despite the title, the series only began regular publication on November 28, 2011, in Shū Play News, Shueisha's web version of Weekly Playboy.[16] The 37th tankōbon was released on January 29, 2010, and the latest—the 86th volume—was released on October 4, 2024.[17][18] Starting on July 5, 2012, e-book volumes began to be published as part of the Jump Comics Digital line; the latest digital volume publication date coincides with the print edition.[19][20]

Since the series' 2011 restart, Yudetamago has published two related one-shots in Shueisha's magazines. In 2015, a 43-page one-shot titled "Kinnikuman Chōjin Retsuden" (Kinnikuman Superman Biographies) was released in Grand Jump to unfold the story of "supermen" characters.[21] Four years later, the 47-page "Sayonara, Kinnikuman!! no Maki" (The 'Goodbye, Kinnikuman' Story) appeared in Weekly Shōnen Jump, depicting these supermen's arrival during the main character's retirement ceremony.[22]

Sequel and spin-offs

[edit]

The first manga spun off from Kinnikuman was Tatakae!! Ramenman[Jp 5], a series focused on Ramenman which was published in Fresh Jump from 1982[5] to 1988.[7] It was compiled into twelve tankōbon volumes released between 1983 and 1989.[23][24] In 1998 and 1999, Tatakae!! Ramenman was re-published in 9 volumes,[25][26] in 2002 in 8 volumes,[27][28] between 2004 and 2006 in 12 volumes,[29][30] and in 2009 in 5 volumes.[31][32] Toei Animation adapted it into a 35-episode anime series, which was broadcast from January 10 to September 11, 1988.[33] In 1988, a film was released on July,[34] and a video game on August.[35] On March 21, 2009, the anime series and film were released in a box set.[36] Also, a spin-off of Tatake!! Ramenman, subtitled Chōjin Dai Meikan[Jp 6], was released in 1995.[5]

After the publication of several one-shots of Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy[Jp 7] from August 1997 to February 1998, it began appearing regularly in Weekly Playboy from April 1998[5] to 2004[37] and was published in 29 tankōbon volumes from October 19, 1998, to August 19, 2005.[38][39] This 29 volumes were released by Viz Media in North America between July 5, 2004, and July 5, 2011.[40][41] It was re-released in 21 aizoban volumes from September 18, 2009, to January 18, 2011.[42][43] Three one-shots of Kinnikuman Legacy were published in 2002. The first, Densetsu no Joshō: Heracles Factory[Jp 8], was released on February 22,[44] and the second, SP Densetsu Chōjin Zenmetsu![Jp 9], was released on May 24.[45] A guidebook titled Kinnikuman II Sei: Chōjin Taizen[Jp 10] was released on July 19, 2002.[46]

All Chōjin Dai-Shingeki[Jp 11], an Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy spin-off, was serialized in V Jump from May 21, 2001, to March 20, 2007,[a] and its four tankōbon were published from August 2, 2002, to August 3, 2007.[49][50] To continue Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy's storyline, Kyūkyoku no Chōjin Tag Hen[Jp 12] was published in serial form from 2004 to 2011[51] and released in 28 tankōbon from November 18, 2005, to December 19, 2011.[52][53]

A feminized version of the series, Kinnikuman Lady[Jp 13], was created by Masashi Ogawa and began as a webcomic on the Ultra Jump Egg site in June 2008.[54] Its first tankōbon was published on March 19, 2009,[55] and in 2011 it was moved to the Ultra Jump website.[56] The series concluded with the release of its 46th chapter in Ultra Jump, and the release of third tankōbon, both on June 19, 2013.[56][57]

Anime

[edit]

Television series

[edit]
Main articles: List of Kinnikuman episodes and List of Ultimate Muscle episodes

The first animated series based on Kinnikuman was produced by Toei Animation and directed by Yasuo Yamayoshi, Takenori Kawada and Tetsuo Imazawa. The 137-episode series was originally broadcast in Japan on Nippon Television from April 3, 1983, to October 1, 1986.[58] It was followed by Kinnikuman: Scramble for the Throne[Jp 14], directed by Takeshi Shirato and Atsutoshi Umezawa. This 46-episode series was produced by Toei and aired on NTV from October 6, 1991, to September 27, 1992.[59] The first series was packaged into 12 DVDs, released from December 6, 2002, to November 21, 2003,[60][61] and the second series was released on four DVDs from December 5, 2003, to March 21, 2004.[62][63]

On January 9, 2002, Kinnikuman: Second Generation premiered; the 51-episode series aired until December 25 of that year,[64] and was released on 12 DVDs from September 21, 2002, to August 8, 2003.[65][66] Licensed by 4Kids Entertainment as Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy, it was broadcast on FoxBox in the United States.[67][68] In 2003 a 13-episode sequel primarily focused on non-Japanese audiences was announced;[69] it aired on FoxBox in North America,[70] and from April 7 to June 30, 2004, in Japan.[71] Another 13-episode spin-off, Kinnikuman Second Generation: Ultimate Muscle 2, was broadcast from January 4 to March 29, 2006, in Japan.[72] All three series were directed by Toshiaki Komura, produced by Toei Animation and broadcast in Japan by TV Tokyo.[71][73][74] The two spin-off series were released as two-DVD box sets on February 24 and June 23, 2006.[75][76] In October 2022, Discotek Media announced that they had licensed Ultimate Muscle and they released the 77 episodes on Blu-ray Disc on May 30, 2023.[77][78]

A new anime celebrating the 40th anniversary of the original anime television series was announced on March 16, 2023.[79] It was later confirmed to be a television series, titled Kinnikuman Perfect Origin Arc (キン肉マン 完璧超人始祖編, Kinnikuman Kanpeki Chōjin Shiso-hen), based on the 2011 revival manga's arc of the same name, produced by Production I.G and directed by Akira Sato, with Makoto Fukami in charge of series composition, Hirotaka Marufuji designing the characters and Yasuharu Takanashi composing the music.[80] It aired from July 7 to September 22, 2024, on CBC and TBS' brand new Agaru Anime [ja] programming block,[81] with Netflix licensing it for streaming worldwide weekly starting on July 8 of the same year.[3] After the final episode of the first season, a second season was announced, and is set to premiere on the same programming block on January 12, 2025.[82][83]

Films

[edit]
Main article: List of Kinnikuman films

Seven films based on the original Kinnikuman were released from 1984 to 1986. The first, Kinnikuman, was directed by Takeshi Shirato and released on July 14, 1984.[84][85] Kinnikuman: Seigi Chōjin vs. Senshi Chōjin[Jp 15], the last film, was released on December 20, 1986, and was directed by Yasuo Yamayoshi.[84][86] All seven films were compiled on a DVD released April 21, 2004.[84]

Two films based on Kinnikuman: Second Generation were directed by Toshiaki Komura. The first (eponymous) film was released at the Anime Fair on July 14, 2001[87][88] and the second, Kinnikuman II Sei: Muscle Ninjin Sōdatsu! Chōjin Dai Sensō[Jp 16], was released at the same venue on July 20, 2002.[89] The films were released on DVD on May 12, 2002, and April 21, 2003, respectively.[90][91]

Video games

[edit]

Several video games based on the series were released. The first were for home computers; a simulation game was released for the PC-88 in November 1984,[92] followed by the 1985 fighting game Kinnikuman: Colosseum Deathmatch[Jp 17].[93] The first console game (Tag Team Match: M.U.S.C.L.E.) was released on November 8, 1985, for Nintendo Entertainment System,[94] and the last game (Kinnikuman: Muscle Grand Prix 2 Tokumori[Jp 18]) was released for PlayStation 2 on September 25, 2008.[95] The social networking service GREE released Kinnikuman Memorial[Jp 19] on February 27, 2014.[96]

Other media

[edit]

With the manga's popularity, Bandai produced a brand of eraser-like action figures (keshi) titled Kinkeshi between 1983 and 1987.[97] In Japan, Bandai has released 418 different types of figures, and it was mainly sold through Gashapon.[97][98] As it attracted the Northern American market's interest, it was brought out by Mattel under the name M.U.S.C.L.E., and a total of 236 figures were traded domestically in the 1980s.[1][99]

In 2007, Toei asked fans if they would like to see all 418 figure types included in the Kinnikuman complete box set.[98] On December 20, 2008, the box set with all the two first series episodes, all seven films, a TV special, and all the figures was released.[100]

Aside from this most known series of products, a myriad of other Kinnikuman-based merchandise were released both in Japan and in the America, which vary from action figures[101][102] to plush dolls,[103] from key holders[104][105] to pen drives,[106][107] from picture books[108][109] to trading card games.[110]

Reception

[edit]

The manga series has received several awards and sold well during both its 1980s serialization and its 2010s revival. In 1984, Kinnikuman won the 30th Shogakukan Manga Award in the category Best Children's Manga.[note 4][111] The 2013 edition of Takarajimasha's guidebook Kono Manga ga Sugoi!, a survey of the manga and publishing industries, named Kinnikuman the seventh-best manga series for male readers.[112] Media Factory's Da Vinci magazine ranked it 23rd on the "Book of the Year" in 2019.[113] Several volumes of the series have been featured on Oricon's weekly chart of best-selling manga in Japan; all volumes between the 40th and the 66th have reached the top 20.[note 5] Between 2008 and 2010, five volumes of Kinnikuman II Sei: Kyūkyoku no Chōjin Tag Hen also ranked on Oricon's top 30 list.[note 6] The series as whole has sold more than 77 million copies in Japan as of 2021.[147] As well as Kinnikuman's manga was considered a hit, the series' merchandise in general was also successful.[1] Bandai reports that over 180 million units of Kinkeshi were sold in Japan.[97] Shaenon K. Garrity said, "The M.U.S.C.L.E. figurines ... were the sole American extrusion of a 1980s manga/anime/licensing phenomenon."[1]

The original 1983 anime series was popular, premiering with a rating over 20 percent.[4] Despite being considered "too old to be marketable on American television" by 4Kids in the 2000s,[148] the 2008 Kinnikuman complete box set had 25,000 reservation requests by August in Japan.[149] In 2005, Japanese television network TV Asahi conducted a "Top 100" online web poll and nationwide survey; Kinnikuman placed 97th in the online poll and Ultimate Muscle placed 39th in the survey.[150][151] In 2006, TV Asahi conducted another online poll for the top one hundred anime, and Kinnikuman placed 12th in the "Celebrity List".[152] In France, however, it caused some controversy because of the depiction of a character's garment featuring a swastika; the episode in which the character appeared was requested to be removed from air.[153]

Garrity called Kinnikuman a "cross between superhero parody and pro-wrestling goofiness".[1] Liann Cooper of the Anime News Network said that the "artwork alone is enough to clothesline itself and the whole concept of superhero wrestlers is like a manga-fied Mucha Lucha", but Ultimate Muscle "is actually pretty funny".[154] Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania.com wrote that in 1979, "the series relied on its comedy and action to bring in an audience." Ultimate Muscle, while "keeping some of the old silliness", adds "some depth through a mature writing style and better action scenes."[155] On T.H.E.M Anime Reviews, Christi wrote, "Overall, Ultimate Muscle is the best thing about the FoxBox anthology." She praised the "funny, and in their own disgusting way, charming" characters, its "crisp and well-done" animation and the "very clean and appealing" character designs.[156]

Legacy

[edit]

Widely regarded as a classic manga series,[102][157][158] it has been cited by Fullmetal Alchemist creator Hiromu Arakawa as a series she "love[s]" and as an influence to her work,[159] as well as by Fairy Tail's Hiro Mashima.[160] Assassination Classroom's Yūsei Matsui cited it as one of his favorite mangas,[161] while Yoshihiro Togashi was influenced by Kinnikuman on shifting the focus of his Yu Yu Hakusho from occult detective fiction to the martial arts genre based on a similar shift Kinnikuman did from comedy to action.[162][163]

Moreover, Kinnikuman has inspired real life wrestling events. At the Fight Entertainment Group's Dynamite!! 2008 martial arts event at the Saitama Super Arena, Bob Sapp fought Kid Muscle (played by Akihiko Tanaka) in an MMA match.[164] Toei Animation announced a Kinnikumania 2009 wrestling event, scheduled at the JCB Hall in Tokyo Dome City on May 29, 2009, for the manga's 30th anniversary.[165]

Kinnikuman's enduring popularity is also shown by it being used to co-promote Green Lantern in 2011 for the Japanese release of the film,[166] and other characters of it appearing other merchandise, such as a series-themed onigiri,[167] and a pollen mask advertisement.[168][169]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Serialized from the July 2001 to the May 2007 issues,[7] released on May 21, 2001,[47] and March 20, 2007, respectively.[48]
  1. ^ Retitled as Kinnikuman: Scramble for the Throne (キン肉マン キン肉星王位争奪編, Kinnikuman Kinniku-sei Ōi Sōdatsu Hen) from episode 138 onwards.
  2. ^ As credited; it is a pseudonym of Shin Kawabe [ja].
  3. ^ Known in Japan as Kinnikuman Nisei (season 1) and Kinnikuman Nisei: Ultimate Muscle (season 2)
  4. ^ a b Although it was then published in a shōnen manga magazine, it received the award in this category
  5. ^ Volume 37 placed 28th;[114] volume 38 placed 12th;[115] volume 40 placed 8th;[116] volume 41 placed 16th;[117] volume 42 placed 10th;[118] volume 43 placed 7th;[119] volume 44 placed 5th;[120] volume 45 placed 19th;[121] volume 46 placed 7th;[122] volume 47 placed 10th;[123] volume 48 placed 13th;[124] volume 49 placed 6th;[125] volume 50 placed 13th;[126] volumes 51 and 52 placed 8th;[127][128] volume 53 placed 13th;[129] volume 54 placed 8th;[130] volume 55 placed 9th;[131] volume 56 placed 8th,[132] volume 57 placed 14th,[133] volume 58 placed 11th,[134] volumes 59 and 60 placed 8th,[135][136] volumes 61 and 62 placed 10th,[137][138] volumes 63 and 64 placed 8th,[139][140] volume 65 placed 12th,[141] and volume 66 placed 7th.[142]
  6. ^ The 15th and 16th volumes ranked 26th and 27th respectively;[143] both the 20th and 21st ranked 30th;[144][145] and the 22nd ranked 29th.[146]
Japanese
  1. ^ 超人, Chōjin
  2. ^ オカマラスの巻
  3. ^ エラギネスの巻
  4. ^ マッスル・リターンズ, Massuru Ritānzu
  5. ^ 闘将!!拉麺男
  6. ^ 超人大名鑑
  7. ^ キン肉マンII世, Kinnikuman II Sei
  8. ^ 伝説の序章～ヘラクレス・ファクトリー, Densetsu no Joshō Herakuresu Fakutorī
  9. ^ SP伝説超人全滅!
  10. ^ キン肉マン2世　超人大全
  11. ^ オール超人大進撃, Ōru Chōjin Dai Shingeki
  12. ^ 究極の超人タッグ編, Kyūkyoku no Chōjin Taggu Hen
  13. ^ キン肉マンレディー, Kinnikuman Redī
  14. ^ キン肉マン キン肉星王位争奪編, Kinniku-sei Ōi Sōdatsu-hen, lit. "Dispute for the Planet Kinniku Throne"
  15. ^ キン肉マン 正義超人vs戦士超人
  16. ^ キン肉マンII世 マッスル人参争奪!超人大戦争, Kinnikuman II Sei Massuru Ninjin Sōdatsu! Chōjin Dai Sensō
  17. ^ キン肉マン コロシアムデスマッチ, Kinnikuman Koroshiamu Desumatchi
  18. ^ キン肉マン マッスルグランプリ2 特盛, Kinnikuman Massuru Guran Puri 2 Tokumori
  19. ^ キン肉マン～メモリアル～, Kinnikuman～Memoriaru～

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Garrity, Shaenon K. (June 14, 2012). "Jason Thompson's House of 1000 Manga Special Guest Edition: Ultimate Muscle". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
  2. ^ a b "Viz Acquires Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy". Anime News Network. December 2, 2003. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  3. ^ a b Mateo, Alex (May 28, 2024). "Kinnikuman Perfect Origin Arc Anime Reveals 7 Additional Cast Members, July 7 Premiere". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 22, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Reprints of 'Kinnikuman' comic volumes set for July release". Asahi Shimbun. May 28, 2013. Archived from the original on November 26, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
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  8. ^ キン肉マン 1~3巻 (in Japanese). Galstown. Archived from the original on October 5, 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
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  11. ^ 単行本：キン肉マン(ジャンプコミックスセレクション)VOL.26. Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on July 20, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
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  13. ^ キン肉マン/18 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on September 29, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  14. ^ キン肉マン/1 (ジャンプコミックス) (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  15. ^ キン肉マン/36 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  16. ^ キン肉マン ： 往年の名作マンガ24年ぶり連載復活 ウェブで毎週配信. Mainichi Shimbun Digital (in Japanese). November 25, 2011. Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  17. ^ キン肉マン/37 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  18. ^ キン肉マン 86 (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  19. ^ キン肉マン/1 (ジャンプコミックスDIGITAL) (in Japanese). Honto. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
  20. ^ キン肉マン/73 (ジャンプコミックスDIGITAL) (in Japanese). Honto. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
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