List of secretaries of state of the United States
United States Secretary of State | |
---|---|
since January 26, 2021 | |
United States Department of State | |
Appointer | President of the United States |
Inaugural holder |
|
Formation | July 27, 1789 |
Succession | Fourth |
Website | www |
This is a list of secretaries of state of the United States.
Secretaries of foreign affairs (1781–1789)
[edit]On January 10, 1780, the Congress of the Confederation created the Department of Foreign Affairs.[1]
On August 10, 1781, Congress selected Robert R. Livingston, a delegate from New York, as the first Secretary for Foreign Affairs. Livingston was unable to take office until October 20, 1781. He served until June 4, 1783, and was succeeded by John Jay on December 21, 1784, who served until March 4, 1789, when the government under the Articles of Confederation gave way to the government under the Constitution.
The office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Foreign Affairs were reinstated by a law signed by George Washington on July 27, 1789. John Jay retained the post on an interim basis, pending the return of Thomas Jefferson from France.
No. | Portrait | Name | State of residence | Took office | Left office |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Robert R. Livingston | New York | October 20, 1781 | June 4, 1783 | |
2 | John Jay | New York | December 21, 1784 | March 4, 1789 | |
— | John Jay
Acting |
New York | July 27, 1789 | September 15, 1789 |
Secretaries of state
[edit]On September 15, 1789, before Jefferson could return to take the post, Washington signed into law another act which changed the name of the office from Secretary of Foreign Affairs to Secretary of State, changed the name of the department to the Department of State, and added several domestic powers and responsibilities to both the office of secretary and the department. Thomas Jefferson took office as the first secretary of state on March 22, 1790.
Denotes an interim secretary of state
|
N° | Secretary | Party | Vote[a] | Term of office | State | President(s) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Term | |||||||
– | John Jay (1745–1829) |
Federalist | – | September 15, 1789 | March 22, 1790 | 188 days | New York | George Washington | |||
1 | Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) [3] |
Democratic- Republican |
– | March 22, 1790 | December 31, 1793 | 3 years, 284 days | Virginia | ||||
2 | Edmund Randolph (1753–1813) [4] |
Federalist | – | January 2, 1794 | August 20, 1795 | 1 year, 232 days | Virginia | ||||
3 | Timothy Pickering (1745–1829) [5] |
Federalist | – | August 20, 1795 | December 10, 1795[b] | 4 years, 265 days | Pennsylvania | ||||
December 10, 1795 | May 12, 1800 | ||||||||||
John Adams | |||||||||||
– | Charles Lee (1758–1815) [c][6] |
Federalist | – | May 13, 1800 | June 5, 1800 | 23 days | Virginia | ||||
4 | John Marshall (1755–1835) [7] |
Federalist | – | June 13, 1800 | February 4, 1801 | 264 days | Virginia | ||||
February 4, 1801 | March 4, 1801[d] | ||||||||||
– | Levi Lincoln Sr. (1749–1820) [c][8] |
Democratic- Republican |
– | March 5, 1801 | May 1, 1801 | 57 days | Massachusetts | Thomas Jefferson | |||
5 | James Madison (1751–1836) [9] |
Democratic- Republican |
– | May 2, 1801 | March 3, 1809 | 7 years, 305 days | Virginia | ||||
6 | Robert Smith (1757–1842) [10] |
Democratic- Republican |
– | March 6, 1809 | April 1, 1811 | 2 years, 26 days | Maryland | James Madison | |||
7 | James Monroe (1758–1831) [11] |
Democratic- Republican |
30–0 | April 2, 1811 | September 30, 1814 | 5 years, 335 days | Virginia | ||||
October 1, 1814 | February 28, 1815[b] | ||||||||||
February 28, 1815 | March 3, 1817 | ||||||||||
– | John Graham (1774–1820) [e][12] |
Democratic- Republican |
– | March 4, 1817 | March 9, 1817 | 5 days | Kentucky | James Monroe | |||
– | Richard Rush (1780–1859) [c][13] |
Federalist | – | March 10, 1817 | September 22, 1817 | 196 days | Pennsylvania | ||||
8 | John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) [14] |
Democratic- Republican |
29–1 | September 22, 1817 | March 3, 1825 | 7 years, 162 days | Massachusetts | ||||
– | Daniel Brent (1770–1841) [e][15] |
Democratic- Republican |
– | March 4, 1825 | March 7, 1825 | 3 days | Virginia | John Quincy Adams | |||
9 | Henry Clay (1777–1852) [16] |
Democratic- Republican |
27–14 | March 7, 1825 | March 3, 1829 | 3 years, 361 days | Kentucky | ||||
National Republican |
|||||||||||
– | James Alexander Hamilton (1788–1878) [17] |
Democratic | – | March 4, 1829 | March 27, 1829 | 23 days | New York | Andrew Jackson | |||
10 | Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) [18] |
Democratic | 25–7 | March 28, 1829 | May 23, 1831 | 2 years, 56 days | New York | ||||
11 | Edward Livingston (1764–1836) [19] |
Democratic | – | May 24, 1831 | May 29, 1833 | 2 years, 5 days | Louisiana | ||||
12 | Louis McLane (1786–1857) [20] |
Democratic | [f] | May 29, 1833 | June 30, 1834 | 1 year, 32 days | Delaware | ||||
13 | John Forsyth (1780–1841) [21] |
Democratic | – | July 1, 1834 | March 3, 1841 | 6 years, 245 days | Georgia | ||||
Martin Van Buren | |||||||||||
– | Jacob L. Martin (?–1848) [e][22] |
– | – | March 4, 1841 | March 5, 1841 | 1 day | District of Columbia |
William Henry Harrison | |||
14 | Daniel Webster (1782–1852) [23] |
Whig | – | March 6, 1841 | May 8, 1843 | 2 years, 63 days | Massachusetts | ||||
John Tyler | |||||||||||
– | Hugh S. Legaré (1797–1843) [c][24] |
Democratic | – | May 9, 1843 | June 20, 1843 | 42 days | South Carolina | ||||
– | William S. Derrick (1802–1852) [e][25] |
– | – | June 21, 1843 | June 23, 1843 | 2 days | Pennsylvania | ||||
15 | Abel P. Upshur (1791–1844) [26] |
Whig | – | June 24, 1843 | July 23, 1843[g] | 220 days | Virginia | ||||
July 24, 1843 | February 28, 1844 | ||||||||||
– | John Nelson (1791–1860) [c][27] |
Whig | – | February 29, 1844 | March 31, 1844 | 31 days | Maryland | ||||
16 | John C. Calhoun (1782–1850) [28] |
Democratic | – | April 1, 1844 | March 10, 1845[h] | 343 days | South Carolina | ||||
17 | James Buchanan (1791–1868) [29] |
Democratic | – | March 10, 1845 | March 7, 1849[h] | 3 years, 362 days | Pennsylvania | James K. Polk | |||
18 | John M. Clayton (1796–1856) [30] |
Whig | – | March 8, 1849 | July 22, 1850 | 1 year, 136 days | Delaware | Zachary Taylor | |||
Millard Fillmore | |||||||||||
19 | Daniel Webster (1782–1852) [23] |
Whig | – | July 23, 1850 | October 24, 1852 | 2 years, 93 days | Massachusetts | ||||
– | Charles Magill Conrad (1804–1878) [b][31] |
Whig | – | October 25, 1852 | November 5, 1852 | 11 days | Louisiana | ||||
20 | Edward Everett (1794–1865) [32] |
Whig | – | November 6, 1852 | March 3, 1853 | 117 days | Massachusetts | ||||
– | William Hunter (1805–1886) [e][33] |
– | – | March 4, 1853 | March 7, 1853 | 3 days | Rhode Island | Franklin Pierce | |||
21 | William L. Marcy (1786–1857) [34] |
Democratic | – | March 7, 1853 | March 6, 1857[h] | 3 years, 364 days | New York | ||||
22 | Lewis Cass (1782–1866) [35] |
Democratic | – | March 6, 1857 | December 14, 1860 | 3 years, 283 days | Michigan | James Buchanan | |||
– | William Hunter (1805–1886) [e][33] |
– | – | December 15, 1860 | December 16, 1860 | 1 day | Rhode Island | ||||
23 | Jeremiah S. Black (1810–1883) [36] |
Democratic | – | December 17, 1860 | March 5, 1861[h] | 78 days | New York | ||||
24 | William H. Seward (1801–1872) [37] |
Republican | – | March 5, 1861 | March 4, 1869 | 7 years, 364 days | New York | Abraham Lincoln | |||
Andrew Johnson | |||||||||||
25 | Elihu B. Washburne (1816–1887) [38] |
Republican | – | March 5, 1869 | March 16, 1869 | 11 days | Illinois | Ulysses S. Grant | |||
26 | Hamilton Fish (1808–1893) [39] |
Republican | – | March 17, 1869 | March 12, 1877[h] | 7 years, 360 days | New York | ||||
27 | William M. Evarts (1818–1901) [40] |
Republican | 44–2 | March 12, 1877 | March 7, 1881[h] | 3 years, 360 days | New York | Rutherford B. Hayes | |||
28 | James G. Blaine (1830–1893) [41] |
Republican | – | March 7, 1881 | December 19, 1881 | 287 days | Maine | James A. Garfield | |||
Chester A. Arthur | |||||||||||
29 | Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen (1817–1885) [42] |
Republican | – | December 19, 1881 | March 6, 1885[h] | 3 years, 77 days | New Jersey | ||||
30 | Thomas F. Bayard (1828–1898) [43] |
Democratic | – | March 7, 1885 | March 6, 1889[h] | 3 years, 364 days | Delaware | Grover Cleveland | |||
31 | James G. Blaine (1830–1893) [41] |
Republican | – | March 7, 1889 | June 4, 1892 | 3 years, 89 days | Maine | Benjamin Harrison | |||
– | William F. Wharton (1847–1919) [i][44] |
Republican | – | June 4, 1892 | June 29, 1892 | 25 days | Massachusetts | ||||
32 | John W. Foster (1836–1917) [45] |
Republican | – | June 29, 1892 | February 23, 1893 | 239 days | Indiana | ||||
– | William F. Wharton (1847–1919) [i][44] |
Republican | – | February 24, 1893 | March 6, 1893 | 10 days | Massachusetts | ||||
Grover Cleveland | |||||||||||
33 | Walter Q. Gresham (1832–1895) [46] |
Democratic | – | March 7, 1893 | May 28, 1895 | 2 years, 82 days | Illinois | ||||
– | Edwin F. Uhl (1841–1901) [i][47] |
Democratic | – | May 28, 1895 | June 9, 1895 | 12 days | Michigan | ||||
34 | Richard Olney (1835–1917) [48] |
Democratic | – | June 10, 1895 | March 5, 1897[h] | 1 year, 268 days | Massachusetts | ||||
35 | John Sherman (1823–1900) [49] |
Republican | – | March 6, 1897 | April 27, 1898 | 1 year, 52 days | Ohio | William McKinley | |||
36 | William R. Day (1849–1923) [50] |
Republican | – | April 28, 1898 | September 16, 1898 | 141 days | Ohio | ||||
– | Alvey A. Adee (1842–1924) [j][51] |
Independent | – | September 17, 1898 | September 29, 1898 | 12 days | New York | ||||
37 | John Hay (1838–1905) [52] |
Republican | – | September 30, 1898 | July 1, 1905 | 6 years, 274 days | District of Columbia | ||||
Theodore Roosevelt | |||||||||||
– | Francis B. Loomis (1861–1948) [i][53] |
Republican | – | July 1, 1905 | July 18, 1905 | 17 days | Ohio | ||||
38 | Elihu Root (1845–1937) [54] |
Republican | – | July 19, 1905 | January 27, 1909 | 3 years, 192 days | New York | ||||
39 | Robert Bacon (1860–1919) [55] |
Republican | – | January 27, 1909 | March 5, 1909[h] | 37 days | New York | ||||
40 | Philander C. Knox (1853–1921) [56] |
Republican | – | March 6, 1909 | March 5, 1913[h] | 3 years, 364 days | Pennsylvania | William Howard Taft | |||
41 | William Jennings Bryan (1860–1925) [57] |
Democratic | – | March 5, 1913 | June 9, 1915 | 2 years, 96 days | Nebraska | Woodrow Wilson | |||
42 | Robert Lansing (1864–1928) [58] |
Democratic | – | June 9, 1915 | June 24, 1915[k] | 4 years, 249 days | New York | ||||
June 24, 1915 | February 13, 1920 | ||||||||||
– | Frank Polk (1871–1943) [l][59] |
Democratic | – | February 14, 1920 | March 14, 1920 | 29 days | New York | ||||
43 | Bainbridge Colby (1869–1950) [60] |
Democratic | – | March 23, 1920 | March 4, 1921 | 346 days | New York | ||||
44 | Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948) [61] |
Republican | – | March 5, 1921 | March 4, 1925 | 3 years, 364 days | New York | Warren G. Harding | |||
Calvin Coolidge | |||||||||||
45 | Frank B. Kellogg (1856–1937) [62] |
Republican | – | March 5, 1925 | March 28, 1929 | 4 years, 23 days | Minnesota | ||||
Herbert Hoover | |||||||||||
46 | Henry L. Stimson (1867–1950) [63] |
Republican | – | March 28, 1929 | March 4, 1933 | 3 years, 341 days | New York | ||||
47 | Cordell Hull (1871–1955) [64] |
Democratic | – | March 4, 1933 | November 30, 1944 | 11 years, 271 days | Tennessee | Franklin D. Roosevelt | |||
48 | Edward Stettinius Jr. (1900–1949) [65] |
Democratic | 68–1 | December 1, 1944 | June 27, 1945 | 208 days | Virginia | ||||
Harry S. Truman | |||||||||||
– | Joseph Grew (1880–1965) [l][66] |
Independent | – | June 28, 1945 | July 3, 1945 | 5 days | New Hampshire | ||||
49 | James F. Byrnes (1882–1972) [67] |
Democratic | – | July 3, 1945 | January 21, 1947 | 1 year, 202 days | South Carolina | ||||
50 | George C. Marshall (1880–1959) [68] |
Independent | – | January 21, 1947 | January 20, 1949 | 1 year, 365 days | Pennsylvania | ||||
51 | Dean Acheson (1893–1971) [69] |
Democratic | 83–6 | January 21, 1949 | January 20, 1953 | 3 years, 365 days | Maryland | ||||
– | H. Freeman Matthews (1899–1986) [l][70] |
Independent | – | January 20, 1953 | January 21, 1953 | 1 day | Maryland | Dwight D. Eisenhower | |||
52 | John Foster Dulles (1888–1959) [71] |
Republican | – | January 21, 1953 | April 22, 1959 | 6 years, 91 days | New York | ||||
53 | Christian Herter (1895–1966) [72] |
Republican | 93–0 | April 22, 1959 | January 20, 1961 | 1 year, 273 days | Massachusetts | ||||
– | Livingston T. Merchant (1903–1976) [m][73] |
Independent | – | January 20, 1961 | January 21, 1961 | 1 day | District of Columbia |
John F. Kennedy | |||
54 | Dean Rusk (1909–1994) [74] |
Democratic | – | January 21, 1961 | January 20, 1969 | 7 years, 365 days | New York | ||||
Lyndon B. Johnson | |||||||||||
– | Charles E. Bohlen (1904–1974) [n][75] |
Independent | – | January 20, 1969 | January 22, 1969 | 2 days | District of Columbia |
Richard Nixon | |||
55 | William P. Rogers (1913–2001) [76] |
Republican | – | January 22, 1969 | September 3, 1973 | 4 years, 224 days | Maryland | ||||
– | Kenneth Rush (1910–1994) [o][77] |
Republican | – | September 3, 1973 | September 22, 1973 | 19 days | Florida | ||||
56 | Henry Kissinger (1923–2023) [78] |
Republican | 78–7 | September 22, 1973 | January 20, 1977 | 3 years, 120 days | District of Columbia | ||||
Gerald Ford | |||||||||||
– | Philip Habib (1920–1992) [m][79] |
Independent | – | January 20, 1977 | January 23, 1977 | 3 days | California | Jimmy Carter | |||
57 | Cyrus Vance (1917–2002) [80] |
Democratic | Voice | January 23, 1977 | April 28, 1980 | 3 years, 96 days | New York | ||||
– | Warren Christopher (1925–2011) [o][81] |
Democratic | – | April 28, 1980 | May 2, 1980 | 4 days | California | ||||
– | David D. Newsom (1918–2008) [m][82] |
Independent | – | May 2, 1980 | May 3, 1980 | 1 day | California | ||||
– | Richard N. Cooper (1934–2020) [p][83] |
Independent | – | May 3, 1980 | 0 days | Connecticut | |||||
– | David D. Newsom (1918–2008) [m][82] |
Independent | – | May 3, 1980 | May 4, 1980 | 1 day | California | ||||
– | Warren Christopher (1925–2011) [o][81] |
Democratic | – | May 4, 1980 | May 8, 1980 | 4 days | California | ||||
58 | Edmund Muskie (1914–1996) [84] |
Democratic | 94–2 | May 8, 1980 | January 18, 1981 | 255 days | Maine | ||||
– | David D. Newsom (1918–2008) [m][82] |
Independent | – | January 18, 1981 | January 22, 1981 | 4 days | California | ||||
59 | Alexander Haig (1924–2010) [85] |
Republican | 93–6 | January 22, 1981 | July 5, 1982 | 1 year, 164 days | Connecticut | Ronald Reagan | |||
– | Walter J. Stoessel Jr. (1920–1986) [o][86] |
Independent | – | July 5, 1982 | July 16, 1982 | 11 days | California | ||||
60 | George Shultz (1920–2021) [87] |
Republican | 97–0 | July 16, 1982 | January 20, 1989 | 6 years, 188 days | California | ||||
– | Michael Armacost (b. 1937) [m][88] |
Independent | – | January 20, 1989 | January 25, 1989 | 5 days | Maryland | George H. W. Bush | |||
61 | James Baker (b. 1930) [89] |
Republican | 99–0 | January 25, 1989 | August 23, 1992 | 3 years, 211 days | Texas | ||||
62 | Lawrence Eagleburger (1930–2011) [90] |
Republican | – | August 23, 1992 | December 8, 1992[o] | 150 days | Florida | ||||
Recess | December 8, 1992 | January 20, 1993 | |||||||||
– | Arnold Kanter (1945–2010) [q][91] |
Independent | – | January 20, 1993 | 0 days | District of Columbia | |||||
– | Frank G. Wisner (b. 1938) [r][92] |
Independent | – | January 20, 1993 | 0 days | District of Columbia |
Bill Clinton | ||||
63 | Warren Christopher (1925–2011) [81] |
Democratic | Voice | January 20, 1993 | January 17, 1997 | 3 years, 363 days | California | ||||
64 | Madeleine Albright (1937–2022) [93] |
Democratic | 99–0 | January 23, 1997 | January 20, 2001 | 3 years, 363 days | District of Columbia | ||||
65 | Colin Powell (1937–2021) [94] |
Republican | Voice | January 20, 2001 | January 26, 2005 | 4 years, 6 days | Virginia | George W. Bush | |||
66 | Condoleezza Rice (b. 1954) [95] |
Republican | 85–13 | January 26, 2005 | January 20, 2009 | 3 years, 360 days | California | ||||
– | William J. Burns (b. 1956) [m] |
Independent | – | January 20, 2009 | January 21, 2009 | 1 day | District of Columbia |
Barack Obama | |||
67 | Hillary Clinton (b. 1947) [96] |
Democratic | 94–2 | January 21, 2009 | February 1, 2013 | 4 years, 11 days | New York | ||||
68 | John Kerry (b. 1943) [97] |
Democratic | 94–3 | February 1, 2013 | January 20, 2017 | 3 years, 354 days | Massachusetts | ||||
– | Thomas A. Shannon Jr. (b. 1958) [m][98] |
Republican | – | January 20, 2017 | February 1, 2017 | 12 days | Minnesota | Donald Trump | |||
69 | Rex Tillerson (b. 1952) [99] |
Republican | 55–43 | February 1, 2017 | March 31, 2018 | 1 year, 58 days | Texas | ||||
– | John J. Sullivan (b. 1959) [o] |
Republican | – | April 1, 2018 | April 26, 2018 | 25 days | Massachusetts | ||||
70 | Mike Pompeo (b. 1963) [100] |
Republican | 57–42 | April 26, 2018 | January 20, 2021 | 2 years, 269 days | Kansas | ||||
– | Daniel Bennett Smith (b. 1956) [s][101] |
Independent | – | January 20, 2021 | January 26, 2021 | 6 days | Virginia | Joe Biden | |||
71 | Antony Blinken (b. 1962) [102] |
Democratic | 78–22 | January 26, 2021 | Incumbent | 3 years, 315 days | New York |
List of secretaries of state by time in office
[edit]This is a list of United States secretaries of state by time in office. This is based on the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater. Cordell Hull is the only person to have served as secretary of state for more than eight years. Daniel Webster and James G. Blaine are the only secretaries of state to have ever served non-consecutive terms. Warren Christopher served very briefly as acting secretary of state non-consecutively with his later tenure as full-fledged secretary of state. Elihu B. Washburne served as secretary of state for less than two weeks before becoming ambassador to France.
Timeline
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Where no vote is listed, confirmation was by voice vote or otherwise unrecorded.[2]
- ^ a b c As Secretary of War.
- ^ a b c d e As Attorney General.
- ^ As Chief Justice of the United States.
- ^ a b c d e f As Chief Clerk of the State Department.
- ^ This appears to have been a recess appointment that was never submitted to the Senate.[2]
- ^ As Secretary of the Navy.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k In addition to the president listed, this secretary of state served for a brief period of time (eight days or less) under that president's successor until a replacement could be named and confirmed.
- ^ a b c d As Assistant Secretary of State.
- ^ As Second Assistant Secretary of State.
- ^ As Counselor for the Department of State.
- ^ a b c As Under Secretary of State.
- ^ a b c d e f g h As Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
- ^ As Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
- ^ a b c d e f As Deputy Secretary of State.
- ^ As Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs.
- ^ As Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
- ^ As Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs.
- ^ As Director of the Foreign Service Institute.
References
[edit]- ^ "Secret Committee of Correspondence/Committee for Foreign Affairs, 1775–1777". U.S. Department of State. September 5, 2007. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
- ^ a b "Cabinet Nominations, since 1789" (PDF). legacy-assets.eenews.net/. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edmund Jennings Randolph (1753–1813)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Timothy Pickering (1745–1829)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Charles Lee (1758–1815)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Marshall (1755–1835)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Levi Lincoln (1749–1820)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Madison (1751–1836)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Robert Smith (1757–1842)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Monroe (1758–1831)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "John Graham (1774–1820)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "Richard Rush (1780–1859)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Quincy Adams (1767–1848)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Daniel Carroll Brent (1770–1841)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry Clay (1777–1852)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "James Alexander Hamilton (1788–1878)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edward Livingston (1764–1836)". [[Office of the Historian]. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Louis McLane (1786–1857)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Forsyth (1780–1841)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Jacob L. Martin (?–1848)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ a b "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Daniel Webster (1782–1852)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Hugh Swinton Legare (1797–1843)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "William S. Derrick (?–1852)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Abel Parker Upshur (1791–1844)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "John Nelson (1794–1860)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Caldwell Calhoun (1782–1850)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Buchanan (1791–1868)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: John Middleton Clayton (1796–1856)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ "Charles Magill Conrad (1804–1878)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Edward Everett (1794–1865)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ a b "William Hunter (1805–1886)". Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
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Further reading
[edit]- Bemis, Samuel Flagg, ed. The American secretaries of state and their diplomacy (19 vol., 1963) scholarly biographies. partly online
- Graebner, Norman A., ed. An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century (1961) scholarly essays on John Hay through John Foster Dulles. online
- Hopkins, Michael F. "President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6.3 (2008): 290–304.
- Mihalkanin Edward, ed. American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell (2004); short scholarly articles by experts; 572pp online