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This article is substantially duplicated by a piece in an external publication. Since the external publication copied Wikipedia rather than the reverse, please do not flag this article as a copyright violation of the following source:
Miller, F. P., Vandome, A. F., & McBrewster, J. (2010), Contemporary Islamic philosophy: Islam, philosophy, modernity, Western philosophy, Jamal-al-Din Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, Muhammad Iqbal, Islamic fundamentalism, Islamic philosophy, Alphascript Publishing{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
I have made a very minor change in the Social and Political Goals section to avoid the assertion that "leftist ideologies" and "Arab Nationalism" are in fact discredited (I care not one whit whether anyone believes they are or are not but it's not consistent with neutral point of view to maintain they are while there is rational dispute).
level-5 vital article is rated B-class on Wikipedia's content assessment scale.
